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Mary Footer

Professor of International Economic Law, Faculty of Social Sciences

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Expertise Summary

Professor Footer joined the School of Law at the University of Nottingham as Professor of International Economic Law on 1 January 2006 and has been Head of the Business, Trade and Human Rights Unit at the Human Rights Law Centre http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/hrlc since summer, 2009. She read European History and History of Art at the University of East Anglia (BA Hons) before embarking on her law studies, which began with the award of 'meester in der rechten' or JD in Dutch civil law from the University of the Netherlands Antilles in 1985, followed by an LLM in Public International Law from University College London (UCL) in 1988 and a PhD cum laude (with distinction) in International Economic Law from the Erasmus University Rotterdam in 2005.

She has previously taught at UCL (1988-1995), the Erasmus University Rotterdam (1999-2001) and the Universiteit van Amsterdam (2001-2005). She has also lectured at: the Universities of Kent and Warwick in the UK; the European University Institute (EUI) Florence; the University of Michigan Law School; the World Trade Institute, Berne; the Universiteit Utrecht and the European Institute of Public Administration (EIPA), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Peking (Beida) and Tsingua Universities, Beijing, China; and the Europa-Institut, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken,Germany, where she was Dozent from 2001-2009. From 1995-1999 she was Senior Program Legal Counsel at the International Development Law Organization (IDLO), Rome, responsible for the design and management of training programmes for international economic development and law reform in developing countries. She has been an expert consultant to the WTO and the European Union and is a listed expert for the UN database/UNCTAD - DITE (Trade and Investment). Professor Footer was a Fernand Braudel Senior Visiting Fellow at the EUI in Florence in 2010 and was the recipient of a Nuffield Foundation Social Science Small Grant in 2009-2010. She has been a member of the University of Nottingham Research Committee from 2006 until it was disbanded in 2009. She is currently a member of the ECOSOC Panel for the European Union's 7th Framework Programme (FP7), Marie Curie Actions, under the auspices of the European Commission (DG Research) and is actively involved with the evaluation of research proposals under FP7. Other research councils for which she has conducted research evaluations include the South African National Research Foundation, the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Professor Footer is series editor (together with Professor Alan Sykes of Stanford Law School) of the Edward Elgar Series on International Economic Law, a member of the Editorial Board of the Manchester Journal of International Economic Law, the European Journal of Risk Regulation, and a member of the Advisory Board of Legal Issues in International Integration and of the e-journal Law, Social Justice and Global Development. In 2010 Professor Footer was elected to the Executive Board of the European Society of International Law (ESIL), having previously been one of the founding members of the ESIL Interest Group in International Economic Law, 2007-2010. She has been a member of the Executive Council of the British Branch of the International Law Association (ILA) since 2006, a member of the ILA International Trade Law Committee since 1993, and was co-Rapporteur of the ILA Committee on International Law and Biotechnology, 2004-2010. She has also been a member of the Society of International Economic Law (SIEL) since 2008. Some of her papers can be accessed on Social Sciences Research Network (SSRN) at: http://ssrn.com/author=408258.

Selected Publications

  • MARY E FOOTER, 2010. The (Re)turn to 'Soft Law' in Reconciling the Antinomies in WTO Law Melbourne Journal of International Law. 11(2), 241-276
  • MARY E FOOTER, 2008. Some theoretical and legal perspectives on WTO compliance Netherlands Yearbook of International Law. XXXVIII (38)((2007)), 61-112
  • MARY E FOOTER, 2010. Biotechnology and the International Regulation of Food and Fuel Security in Developing Countries. In: JULIO FAUNDEZ AND CELINE TAN, ed., International Economic Law, Globalization And Developing Countries Edward Elgar Publishing. 331-353
  • MARY E FOOTER, 2009. BITs and Pieces: Social and Environmental Protection in the Regulation of Foreign Investment Michigan State Journal of International Law. VOL 18(ISSUE 1), 33-64

Current PhD Students

Recent PhD Students

  • MARY E FOOTER, 2011. Future Imperfect: Institutional Autonomy and the WTO. In: RICHARD COLLINS AND NIGEL D WHITE, ed., International Organisations and the Idea of Autonomy: Institutional Independence in the International Legal Order Routledge: Taylor and Francis Ltd.. 380-397
  • MARY FOOTER, 2011. Article XXIX, Article XXX, Article XXXI, Article XXXII, Article XXXIII, Article XXXIV, Article XXXV. In: RÜDIGER WOLFRUM, PETER-TOBIAS STOLL AND HOLGER P. HESTERMEYER, ed., Max Planck Commentaries on World Trade Law - 5: Trade in Goods Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 736-766
  • MARY E FOOTER, 2011. The WTO as a 'living instrument': the contribution of consenus decision-making and informality to institutional norms and practices. In: THOMAS COTTIER AND MANFRED ELSIG, ed., Making Decisions at the World Trade Organization: Past, Present and Beyond Doha Cambridge University Press. 217-240
  • M.E. FOOTER, 2010. Book review of The Oxford Handbook of International Trade Law, edited by Daniel Bethlehem, Donald McRae, Rodney Neufeld, and Isabelle Van Damme World Trade Review. VOL 9(NUMB 2), 407-409
  • MARY E FOOTER, 2010. Biotechnology and the International Regulation of Food and Fuel Security in Developing Countries. In: JULIO FAUNDEZ AND CELINE TAN, ed., International Economic Law, Globalization And Developing Countries Edward Elgar Publishing. 331-353
  • MARY E FOOTER, 2010. The (Re)turn to 'Soft Law' in Reconciling the Antinomies in WTO Law Melbourne Journal of International Law. 11(2), 241-276
  • MARY E FOOTER, 2010. International Organisations and Treaties: Ratification and (Non)-implementation of the Other Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. In: ALEXANDER ORAKHELASHVILI AND SARAH WILLIAMS, ed., 40 Years of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties British Institute of International and Comparative Law. 183-203
  • MARY E FOOTER, 2009. BITs and Pieces: Social and Environmental Protection in the Regulation of Foreign Investment Michigan State Journal of International Law. VOL 18(ISSUE 1), 33-64
  • MARY E FOOTER, 2008. Some theoretical and legal perspectives on WTO compliance Netherlands Yearbook of International Law. XXXVIII (38)((2007)), 61-112
  • MARY E FOOTER, 2007. A Tale of Two Commons: Plant Genetic Resources and Agricultural Reform. In: HAN SOMSEN, ed., The Regulatory Challenge of Biotechnology Edward Elgar Publishing. 174-200
  • FOOTER,M.E., 2006. An institutional and normative analysis of the World Trade Organization Leiden: Nijhoff.
  • FOOTER, M.E., 2006. Agricultural biotechnology, food security and human rights. In: FRANCIONI, F. and SCOVAZZI, T., eds., Biotechnology and international law Oxford: Hart Publishing. 257-284
  • FOOTER, M.E., 2005. Secondary law-making by WTO bodies In: Effective Global Economic Governance.
  • FOOTER, MARY E., 2005. An institutional and normative analysis of the World Trade Organization : = Een institutionele en normatieve analyse van de Wereldhandelsorganisatie / by Mary E. Footer Leiden: Nijhoff.
  • FOOTER, M.E., 2005. Trade and Environmental Policies: The Interface of Law and Science at the National and Multilateral Levels In: Trade and Sustainable Development: the Role of Law and Science.
  • FOOTER, M.E., 2005. Constructing Regulatory Space: towards the International Economic Governance of Biotechnology In: Genetic Engineering: Challenges Posed by a New Technology to the World Trading System.
  • FOOTER, M.E. and AWUKU, E.O., 2005. The Seed Treaty and Equitable Benefit Sharing. In: Sustainable Justice: Integrating Economic, Social and Environmental Law Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. 241-256
  • FOOTER, M.E. and GEORGE, C., 2005. The General Agreement on Trade in Services. In: The World Trade Organization: Legal, Economic and Political Analysis Springer, Dordrecht. 799-953
  • FOOTER, M.E., 2004. Our agricultural heritage: sustainability, common heritage and intergenerational equity. In: SCHRIJVER, N. and WEISS, F., eds., International law and sustainable development: principles and practice Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 433-466
  • FOOTER, M.E., 2004. Agricultural Biotechnology, Food Security and Human Rights In: Biotechnology and International Law.
  • FOOTER, M.E., 2004. Introduction to the Legal Aspects of Access to Genetic Resources and Farmers' Rights In: International Law and Biotechnology.
  • FOOTER, M.E., 2004. Effective Global Governance: What can the World Trade Organization Learn from Other Internatinal Organizations and the European Union? In: Presentation of research on WTO Governance Issues in the Workshop Public Law I, as part of the Ius Commune Research School Annual Conference.
  • FOOTER, M.E., 2004. The Future of WTO Governance in Light of its Institutional Failings In: Developments in International Law.
  • FOOTER, M.E., 2003. Technical assistance and trade law reform post-Doha: brave new world. In: HATCHARD, J. and PERRY-KESSARIS, A., eds., Law and development: facing complexity in the 21st century: essays in honour of Peter Slinn London: Cavendish Publishing Ltd.. 108-131
  • FOOTER, M.E., 2003. Should Participation by Developing Country Members in the WTO Dispute Settlement System be Facilitated and, If So, How? In: The Reform of the Dispute Settlement System.
  • FOOTER, M.E., 2003. Some Thoughts on Managing the Interface between Intellectual Property, Genetic Engineering and Sustainable Development. In: Intellectual Property, Trade Competition, and Sustainable Development University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 505-510
  • FOOTER, M.E. and ZIA-ZARIFI, S., 2002. EC - Asbestos: The WTO on trial for its handling of occupational health and safety issues Melbourne Journal of International Law. 2(1), 120-142
  • FOOTER,M.E., 2002. The General Agreement on Trade in Services: Taking Stock and Moving Forward Legal Issues of Economic Integration. 29, 7-25
  • FOOTER,M.E., 2001. Application of the GATT, GATS and WTO Agreements to Agricultural Trade ERA-Forum. 4, 94-101
  • FOOTER, M.E., 2001. The liberalisation of international trade and the future of cultural industries. In: ERNST, K, HALBERTSMA, M, JANSSEN, S and AND IJDENS, T., eds., Trends and Strategies in the Arts and Cultural Industries Barjesteh van Waalwijk Van Doorn & Co’s Uitgeversmij, Rotterdam. 67-81
  • FOOTER, M. E., 2001. John H. Jackson The Jurisprudence of the GATT and the WTO: Insights on Treaty Law and Economic Relations Leiden Journal of International Law. VOL 14(PART 1), 247-257
  • FOOTER, M. E., 2001. Developing Country Practice in the Matter of WTO Dispute Settlement Journal of World Trade. VOL 35(PART 1), 55-98
  • FOOTER, M.E., 2001. The symbiosis between public international law and national law - studies in the enforcement of public international law in the national legal order
  • FOOTER, M.E., 2001. Developing Country Practice in the Matter of WTO Dispute Settlement. In: Trade and Agriculture: Negotiating a New Agreement? Cameron May, London, UK. 195-247
  • FAUNDEZ, JULIO, FOOTER, MARY, NORTON, JOSEPH JUDE and UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK, 2000. Governance, development and globalization : a tribute to Lawrence Tshuma / edited by Julio Faundez, Mary E. Footer, Joseph J. Norton London : Blackstone Press, 2000.
  • FOOTER, M. E. and GRABER, C. B., 2000. Trade Liberalization and Cultural Policy Journal of International Economic Law. VOL 3(NUMB 1), 115-144
  • FOOTER, M.E., 2000. The WTO, Developing Countries and Technical Assistance for Trade Law Reform. In: Governance, Development and Globalization Blackstone Press Ltd, London, UK. 352-372
  • FOOTER, M.E., 1999. Intellectual Property and Agrobiodiversity: Towards Private Ownership of the Genetic Commons. In: Yearbook of International Environmental Law 10. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 48-81
  • FOOTER, M.E., 1998. The European Union and the WTO Global Trading System. In: The State of the European Union 317-336
  • FOOTER,M.E., NORTON,J.J. and ANDENAS,M., 1998. The Changing World of International Law in the Twenty-First Century Kluwer Law International, Deventer, NL.
  • FOOTER, M.E., 1998. What Future for EU-ACP Trade in the 21st Century. In: The Changing World of International Law in the Twenty-First Century Kluwer Law International, Deventer, NL. 273-316
  • FOOTER, M.E., 1997. Some Aspects of Third Party Intervention in GATT-WTO Dispute Settlement. In: The GATT-WTO Dispute Settlement Rules: Procedures and Practice 213-244
  • FOOTER,M.E., 1997. La Regulacion Internactional del Comercio de Servicios luego de la Ronda de Uruguay Revista de Derecho Internacional Economico.
  • FOOTER, M. E., 1997. The Role of Consensus in GATT/WTO Decision-making Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business. VOL 17(NUMBER 2/3), 653-680
  • FOOTER, M.E., 1996. Public Procurement and EC External Relations: A Legal Framework. In: The European Union and World Trade after the Uruguay Round John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK. 293-309
  • FOOTER, M.E., 1996. Participation of the European Communities in the GATT/WTO Trading System. In: The Legal Regulation of the Community's External Relations after Completion of the Internal Market Dartmouth Publishing Co. Ltd, Aldershot. 71-105
  • FOOTER,M.E. and LORIS,B., 1996. The Polish Office of Public Procurement Public Procurement Law Review. 5, CS81-82
  • FOOTER,M.E., 1996. C-360/93 on the Community's External Powers in the Area of Public Procurement Public Procurement Law Review. 5, CS148-149
  • FOOTER, M.E., 1996. Trade and Investment Measures in the Energy Charter Treaty. In: The Energy Charter Treaty: An East-West Gateway for Investment and Trade Kluwer Law International, Deventer, NL. 441-454
  • FOOTER,M.E. and BELLO,J.H., 1995. Preface to GATT Symposium Issue International Lawyer. 29:2, 335-343
  • FOOTER, M. E., 1995. The International Regulation of Trade in Services Following Completion of the Uruguay Round International Lawyer. VOL 29(NUMBER 2), 453
  • FOOTER, M.E., 1995. TRIPs and the EC. In: The Intellectual Property Institute
  • FOOTER,M.E., 1995. Public Procurement and the Wider Europe: a Review of the Recent Europe Agreements Public Procurement Law Review. 4, CS115-117
  • FOOTER,M.E., 1995. 'Opinion 1/94 on Community and Member States' Competences under the WTO: Implications for Public Procurement Public Procurement Law Review. 4, CS14-21
  • FOOTER,M.E., 1995. Remedies under the new GATT Agreement on Government Procurement Public Procurement Law Review. 4, 80-93
  • FOOTER, M.E., 1994. GATT and Banking as a Trade in Services. In: International Banking Operations and Practices: Current Developments 25-54
  • FOOTER,M.E., 1994. External Aspects of the Community's Public Procurement Policy in the Utilities Sector Public Procurement Law Review. 3, 187-194
  • FOOTER, M.E., 1994. The Multifibre Agreement. In: Global Economic Cooperation: A Guide to Agreements and Organizations 67-70
  • FOOTER, M. E., 1994. Global and Regional Approaches to the Regulation of Trade in Services International and Comparative Law Quarterly. VOL 43(NUMBER 3), 661
  • FOOTER,M.E., 1993. GATT: Developments in Public Procurement Procedures and Practices Public Procurement Law Review. 2, CS193-204
  • FOOTER, M. E., 1993. GATT and the Multilateral Regulation of Banking Services International Lawyer. VOL 27(NUMBER 2), 343
  • FOOTER,M.E., 1984. Time-sharing en Cooperative Vereniging Tijdschrift voor Antilliaans Recht-Justicia. 5:4, 286-289

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