1.   The condition ‘is equal to’ is a relation on any set of real numbers because, for any x, y in the set, the statement ‘x is equal to y’ is either definitely true or definitely false. This relation is usually denoted by the symbol =. For this relation, each real number in the set is related only to itself!

2.   The condition ‘is less than’ is a relation on any set of real numbers, and we usually]]>

1.   The condition ‘is equal to’ is a relation on any set of real numbers because, for any x, y in the set, the statement ‘x is equal to y’ is either definitely true or definitely false. This relation is usually denoted by the symbol =. For this relation, each real number in the set is related only to itself!

2.   The condition ‘is less than’ is a relation on any set of real numbers, and we usually]]> The following material is Proprietary (see terms and conditions) and is used under licence.

Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this unit:

Figures

Figure 1 © UN Photo Library;

Figure 2 Photo: © Co]]> The following material is Proprietary (see terms and conditions) and is used under licence.

Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this unit:

Figures

Figure 1 © UN Photo Library;

Figure 2 Photo: © Co]]> After studying this unit you should be able to:

• recognise definitions and applications of each of the terms printed in bold in the text;

• critically evaluate statements about the influence of the genome on behaviour;

• explain the ways in which genetic and environmental factors influence the development of the nervous system;

• provide examples of the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the development of the nervous s]]> After studying this unit you should be able to:

  • recognise definitions and applications of each of the terms printed in bold in the text;

  • critically evaluate statements about the influence of the genome on behaviour;

  • explain the ways in which genetic and environmental factors influence the development of the nervous system;

  • provide examples of the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the development of the nervous s]]> Molecular approaches to the study of hibernation have combined largely non-hypothetical analytical and targeted methods. The analytical approach shows changes in the expression patterns of novel genes, often with unforeseen or unknown functions in hibernation, whilst indicating that the scale of the full range of adaptive genetic changes is small. The targeted approach has confirmed an important role for gene products normally involved in maintaining biological rhythms and energ]]> Molecular approaches to the study of hibernation have combined largely non-hypothetical analytical and targeted methods. The analytical approach shows changes in the expression patterns of novel genes, often with unforeseen or unknown functions in hibernation, whilst indicating that the scale of the full range of adaptive genetic changes is small. The targeted approach has confirmed an important role for gene products normally involved in maintaining biological rhythms and energ]]> Mammals come in a bewildering variety of shapes and sizes and yet all of the 4700 or so species have some characteristics in common. Indeed, it's the existence of these common features that justifies the inclusion of all such diverse types within the single taxonomic group (or class) called the Mammalia.

    This is the first in a series of units about studying mammals. To get the most from these units, you will need access to a copy of The Life of Mammals (2002) by David Attenboroug]]> Mammals come in a bewildering variety of shapes and sizes and yet all of the 4700 or so species have some characteristics in common. Indeed, it's the existence of these common features that justifies the inclusion of all such diverse types within the single taxonomic group (or class) called the Mammalia.

    This is the first in a series of units about studying mammals. To get the most from these units, you will need access to a copy of The Life of Mammals (2002) by David Attenboroug]]> Coal formation begins with preservation of waterlogged plant remains to produce peat and then slow compression as the peat is buried. About 10 m of peat will compress down to form about 1 m of coal; clearly large amounts of plant debris must be available for preservation. Even so, for a significant thickness of peat to accumulate there must be a balance between the growth of plants and the decay of underlying dead material to form peat (a process known as humification).

    Su]]> Coal formation begins with preservation of waterlogged plant remains to produce peat and then slow compression as the peat is buried. About 10 m of peat will compress down to form about 1 m of coal; clearly large amounts of plant debris must be available for preservation. Even so, for a significant thickness of peat to accumulate there must be a balance between the growth of plants and the decay of underlying dead material to form peat (a process known as humification).

    Su]]> For most of human history there have been relatively few people in the world. Figure 2 shows that only over the last 50 years have numbers really shot up, and that, at the turn of the century, the population reached over six billion.

    

    For most of human history there have been relatively few people in the world. Figure 2 shows that only over the last 50 years have numbers really shot up, and that, at the turn of the century, the population reached over six billion.

    

    A very impressive demonstration of a small autonomous helicopter performing precise aggressive maneuvers - flips, flight through windows, and quadrotor perching.

    • Robots

    read more

    ]]> A very impressive demonstration of a small autonomous helicopter performing precise aggressive maneuvers - flips, flight through windows, and quadrotor perching.

    • Robots

    read more

    ]]> The known universe as mapped through astronomical observations, from the Himalayas to the moon's orbit, the orbits of the planets, the solar system, the galaxy and beyond.

    read more

    ]]> The known universe as mapped through astronomical observations, from the Himalayas to the moon's orbit, the orbits of the planets, the solar system, the galaxy and beyond.

    read more

    ]]> A 3D model of the Ultra Deep Field, a tiny but very 'deep' image of space captured by the Hubble Space Telescope, showing about 10,000 galaxies. It is the deepest image of the universe ever taken.

    read more

    ]]> A 3D model of the Ultra Deep Field, a tiny but very 'deep' image of space captured by the Hubble Space Telescope, showing about 10,000 galaxies. It is the deepest image of the universe ever taken.

    read more

    ]]> One of the assumptions that is made in order to justify social workers making such life-changing judgements is that some people are vulnerable and therefore need decisions made on their behalf. This assumption is not held by everyone and is often challenged by groups and individuals representing service users and by service users themselves.

    

  • People with diabetes may have reduced sensitivity in their hands.

  • People with many different conditions may experience severe pain, which makes it difficult for them to concentrate on a task.

  • People with mental illness may have a range of difficulties, including ]]> There are people with a wide range of other impairments that are not covered by the above groups, but which may affect study. Some examples are listed below.

    • People with diabetes may have reduced sensitivity in their hands.

    • People with many different conditions may experience severe pain, which makes it difficult for them to concentrate on a task.

    • People with mental illness may have a range of difficulties, including ]]> Try to make your essays flow from one sentence to the next. As we have seen, this is partly a matter of structure and partly of signposting. It is vital to think of your essay in terms of its overall structure – to move points around, and cut and trim, in search of a clear sequence for your ideas. Then, having worked out a structure, you have to ‘talk’ your reader through it, emphasising the key turning points in the essay, summarising where you have got to, showing how ea]]> Try to make your essays flow from one sentence to the next. As we have seen, this is partly a matter of structure and partly of signposting. It is vital to think of your essay in terms of its overall structure – to move points around, and cut and trim, in search of a clear sequence for your ideas. Then, having worked out a structure, you have to ‘talk’ your reader through it, emphasising the key turning points in the essay, summarising where you have got to, showing how ea]]> When the end of the exam finally approaches, use the last few minutes to check you have numbered all the questions, crossed out rough work that you do not want the examiner to mark, and filled in all the details required on the front sheet.

      If you have time before these last few minutes, you may like to reread the answers, tidying up some words, making the meaning a little clearer or rewriting the occasional word that is very hard to read. If you decide to add brief comments, use a numb]]> When the end of the exam finally approaches, use the last few minutes to check you have numbered all the questions, crossed out rough work that you do not want the examiner to mark, and filled in all the details required on the front sheet.

      If you have time before these last few minutes, you may like to reread the answers, tidying up some words, making the meaning a little clearer or rewriting the occasional word that is very hard to read. If you decide to add brief comments, use a numb]]> A WiFi network can operate in one of two different modes: ad hoc mode or infrastructure mode

      In an ad hoc network, stations communicate with each other directly, without the need for any intermediary or central control. This means that when one WiFi device comes within range of another, a direct communication channel can be set up between them. This is known as peer-to-peer communication. Additional devices can join the network, all communicating with each o]]> A WiFi network can operate in one of two different modes: ad hoc mode or infrastructure mode

      In an ad hoc network, stations communicate with each other directly, without the need for any intermediary or central control. This means that when one WiFi device comes within range of another, a direct communication channel can be set up between them. This is known as peer-to-peer communication. Additional devices can join the network, all communicating with each o]]> A WiFi station determines whether it is in range of an AP by transmitting an enquiry, known as a probe request frame, and waiting for a response. If more than one AP responds, the station will choose to communicate with the one that has the strongest signal. A probe request frame initiates the WiFi connection and is an example of a management frame – a type of frame that does not carry any message data.

      Just like the nodes on an Ethernet network, each station must have a means of bein]]> A WiFi station determines whether it is in range of an AP by transmitting an enquiry, known as a probe request frame, and waiting for a response. If more than one AP responds, the station will choose to communicate with the one that has the strongest signal. A probe request frame initiates the WiFi connection and is an example of a management frame – a type of frame that does not carry any message data.

      Just like the nodes on an Ethernet network, each station must have a means of bein]]>