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Consolidating Kosovo's European Future: tracing next steps
A look at Kosovo's achievements and challenges over the past year, highlighting the current state of play and the priorities and vision of the Kosovo government and its international partners as the country prepares for European Union membership.
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Croix Rouge - Nancy 2011 : Vulnérabilité des enfants et des adolescents de parents migrants

Vulnérabilité des enfants et des adolescents de parents migrants. Des populations vulnérables du fait des parcours migratoires ou des conditions socio-économiques, ou des deux en même temps.
Au lieu d’étudier les faiblesses, les carences, et les moyens de les compenser, nous commençons par rechercher les forces, et comment les utiliser.
Il est important que les parents deviennent des partenaires et pas seulement des bénéficiaires d’une politique faite malgré eux,
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An Introduction to the Analysis of Brain Waves
Ryan George, Steven J. Cox
This module builds the tools necessary for the frequency analysis of brain waves as recording by an electroencephalograph. We proceed from the Pythagorean Theorem to sine waves, the trapezoid […]
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Economic Policy Challenges: Microeconomics and Regulation
Given its contributions to policy and practice in such key sectors as health care, industrial organization and technological innovation, and energy and the environment, microeconomics may not be getting the kind of respect, or at least attention, it deserves, these panelists suggest.

The field helped “produce a revolution in antitru

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Checking for Understanding
A critical aspect of teaching is checking whether or not your students understand what you are trying to communicate. Mrs. Thai, a fourth grade teacher, shares ways to check for understanding with biomedical science students from Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science.
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21H.101 American History to 1865 (MIT)
This course provides a basic history of American social, economic, and political development from the colonial period through the Civil War. It examines the colonial heritages of Spanish and British America; the American Revolution and its impact; the establishment and growth of the new nation; and the Civil War, its background, character, and impact. Readings include writings of the period by J. Winthrop, T. Paine, T. Jefferson, J. Madison, W. H. Garrison, G. Fitzhugh, H. B. Stowe, and A. Linco
Author(s): Maier, Pauline

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Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative C

5.1 Are there genetic factors in autistic spectrum conditions?

Section 4 focused on explaining the characteristic symptoms of ASDs in terms of socio-cognitive functioning. In this section the focus shifts to the biological level: what biological influences might both trigger and maintain atypical functioning in areas like theory of mind, global information processing and emotional relatedness?

As was emphasised in Section 1, bio
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Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence - see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ - Original copyright The Open University

4.8 Section summary

  • Most socio-cognitive approaches to autistic spectrum disorders seek to unify different symptoms in terms of models of underlying functioning.

  • Theory of mind approaches argue that difficulties in understanding mental states such as beliefs, intentions and desires are the ‘core’ problem.

  • Experimental tests of theory of mind employ tasks such as testing the understanding of false belief.

  • Baron-Cohen h
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    Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence - see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ - Original copyright The Open University

4.7 The family context

Whether or not children with autism behave atypically from the moment they are born, the effects of their atypical way of relating to others must inevitably be felt by parents and others in the family:

Jane would allow herself to be cuddled, but only if I didn't look at her. She always resisted sitting on my lap unless she was facing away. And I could go to her with my arms out, just as I had a million times with m
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4.6 Emotions, relatedness and the developmental process

Cognitive style and ToM approaches both draw extensively on cognitive concepts to explain why functioning in autism is atypical. ToM has typically assumed that successful social interaction and communication involves processing information about other people in the form of social stimuli such as gestures, expressions, language and behaviour. The processes that promote emotional understanding and relatedness between people have been seen as essentially akin to the more ‘rationalâ
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4.5 Central coherence and cognitive style

Despite variations in ToM performance between sub-groups, the approach as a whole provides a compelling explanation for problems in the areas of social interaction and communication. However, it offers no obvious explanation for symptoms in the third ‘triad’ area, such as impoverished imagination, restricted interests and repetitive behaviour. Frith (1989) and Happé (1999) have proposed that these behaviours reflect a different kind of atypical functioning: a distinctive cogn
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4.4 Theory of mind and self-awareness

One of my most recurrent problems throughout middle childhood was my constant failure to distinguish between my knowledge and that of others. Very often my parents would miss deadlines or appointments because I failed to tell them of these matters. For instance my parents missed the school's Open House in my fifth grade and my mom asked me afterward, ‘why didn't you tell us about it?’ ‘I thought you knew
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4.3 A distinctive sub-group?

The fact that around 20 per cent of children with autistic spectrum disorders regularly pass tasks such as the Sally-Anne test fits well with the notion of an autistic spectrum including different profiles of skills and deficits. But it questions the idea of a core ToM deficit that all people with ASDs share. So is the theory inadequate, given that its predictions are not always supported?

Francesca Happé (Happé, 1994) suggests that some of those passing tests such as t
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4.2.3 Metarepresentation and pretend play

Alan Leslie (1991) has suggested that understanding mental states such as false belief requires the sophisticated skill of ‘de-coupling’ or disengaging (mentally speaking) from the truth of a situation (e.g. ‘The car is in Park Street’), in order to hold in mind an idea that differs from this reality (‘Jane thinks the car is in Mount Street’). This capacity is known as metarepresentation and is seen as a crucial element of language understanding.

Leslie
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4.2.1 Gaze following and proto-declarative pointing

Consider how behaviour might provide one person with cues to what another person is thinking. For instance, how do you know that someone you are talking to is interested in what you are saying? They may open their eyes wide, sit up straight or make noises like ‘hmmm’. Such gestures and expressions are cues to thoughts, which we monitor all the time without being aware of it. Baron-Cohen (1995) provides evidence that the ability to use subtle behaviours, such as picking up wher
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Historical Rivalry
Despite its 14-year lead, many don't know that Jamestown was settled before Plymouth. James Axtell's article, "Historical Rivalry," explores the reasons why.
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Kelly Brothers Interview Part 3
Astronauts and brothers Scott and Mark Kelly are interviewed before their missions. Scott Kelly (left) will be Expedition 26 Commander and Mark will be the STS-134 Commander.
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ISS Update - Feb. 14, 2011
The International Space Station video update for Feb. 14, 2011.
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UN Ideas that Changed the World
(Editors note: Unfortunately the first few minutes of the lecture are missing from the podcast) UN ideas have more influence and impact than is generally realized, on economic and social development and environment as well as on human rights and peacekeeping. In this well-illustrated lecture, two of the co-directors of the UN Intellectual History Project will present the findings of a ten-year project and launch the summary volume, UN Ideas That Changed the World
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Games Technologies for Learning
The Games Technologies for Learning report explores the ways in which games technologies can be used to enhance teaching and learning, and provides advice for schools and colleges wishing to introduce...
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