土曜市民セミナー「何が出る 豊平川の 花見かな」の映像がiTunes Store Podcast
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ENGL 200-01, Creative Writing: Introductory Poetry Workshop, Spring 2007
This class will introduce students to principles of good poetry,
including prosody, through readings of work by outside writers in Good Poems, edited by
Garrison Keillor, and through essays from Richard Hugo's The Triggering Town and
Rainer Maria Rilke's Letters To A Young Poet. You will complete writing exercises
assigned in class and in The Practice of Poetry edited by Robin Behn and Chase
Twichell. (4 texts) Students are expected to analyze and prepare to discuss the poems
and essays they rea
Gloom deepens for Research in Motion
June 16 - Summary of business headlines: Research in Motion misses forecast, guides lower; Citigroup data breach bigger than first announced; Greek Finance Minister stays on, others defect; Mixed economic signals give Wall Street a lift. Conway Gittens reports.
Cyber threats to spur defense innovation: Huntsman
In an interview with Reuters Editor-at-Large Harry Evans, former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and 2012 Republican presidential candidate Jon Huntsman discuss security issues that come between the U.S. and China.
Impact Conference 2011 - 16:00 - Session D: Improving academic communication
Investigating Academic Impact. A conference at the London School of Economics on Monday 13 June 2011. Academics are increasingly being pressed to provide evidence of impact from their research on the world outside academia. And universities will have to provide evidence of impact as part of the new Research Excellence Framework. But there is confusion about the different definitions of impact that exist amongst funding bodies and research councils, and also about methods of measuring impact. Thi
7.3 Procedure by which Bills become law In order to become an Act of Parliament, a Bill will have to be passed by both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. A Bill may start in either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, with the exception of Finance Bills, which always start in the House of Commons. A Finance Bill is introduced by the Government shortly after the Budget to bring the Government's tax proposals into law. Before the Bill can become an Act of Parliament it must undergo a number of stages. 5.2.3 Looking at the intention of the rule-maker To resolve these problems, a rule-applier may adopt a yet broader interpretive strategy. This involves attempting to work out what the intention of the rule-maker was when the rule was formulated. In other words, it means going beyond or outside the language of the rule itself. In the context of a statute (i.e. an Act of Parliament), this may involve the rule-applier (the judge) looking at the law that existed before the statute was enacted and working out what the problem with that la 3.4 Summary of Part B After studying Part B you should be able to: describe the relevance of policy for rule making; recognise differing reactions to Ireland's ban on smoking in the workplace; demonstrate/explain the implications of the rules governing Ireland's ban on smoking in the workplace. Except for third party materials and otherwise stated (see Author(s): 2.2 The problems of rule making It goes without saying that making rules is a complicated process. Just how complicated is illustrated by the American legal theorist Professor Lon Fuller. In his book The Morality of Law, which was first published in 1964, he explored the relationship between law and morality, and the criteria by which we should evaluate a legal system (one form of a system of rules). In the passage you are going to read in Activity 2, Fuller tells the story of a fictional law-maker, Rex, who comes to 2.1 The meaning of formal rules In this part, we will develop our understanding of rules further. So far we have concentrated on social rules. We looked at what is meant by this, at the way such rules develop, at the conflicts which may arise between groups operating under different social rule systems, and at what happens when such rules are broken. Here, we are going to explore rules which are more formal in nature. By this I mean rules which – instead of being the product of shared understanding and practice – are se 3.3 Summary of part C What the courts have established in the cases we have looked at is not a hard and fast privacy doctrine, but a situation in which each case is decided by individual judges on its particular merits. There is no free-standing right to privacy for individuals to enforce. However, where individuals have a strong countervailing interest to protect, the courts are willing to uphold their right to confidence. Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones successf 2.1 Background information As stated in the introduction, there is no right to privacy in UK law. In Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner (1979) the UK courts held that telephone tapping by the police could not be unlawful in the UK as there was no right to privacy at common law that could be breached. This contrasts with the USA where the right to privacy is a protected right. The US Supreme Court in Lawrence v Texas (2003) declared that a Texas statute that criminalised gay and lesbian sexual 4.1 Introduction You cannot cite precedents to a judge and ask him or her to follow them if you don't have a good record of all the earlier cases and how they were decided. The operation of binding precedent, therefore, relies on the existence of an extensive reporting service to provide access to previous judicial decisions. This section will briefly set out where you might locate case reports on particular areas of the law. This is of particular importance to advocates (usually barristers but s 3.5 Summary of Part B In Part B you have learned that: the system of precedent requires later courts to use the same reasoning as an earlier court, where two cases raise the same legal issues; the contents of a case report can be divided into two categories:
ratio decidendi – the statement of legal principles essential to the decision. The ratio is the binding element of the case 3.4.3 Summary of binding precedent In this section you have seen: that not everything in a court case sets a precedent the difference between ratio decidendi (the statement of legal principles material to the decision) and obiter dictum (the discussion of legal principles raised in argument but not material to the decision) that the binding element in a future case is the ratio and that, while the obiter will never be bindin 3.4.2 Distinguishing In comparison with the mechanism of overruling, which is rarely used, the main device for avoiding binding precedent is that of distinguishing. As has been previously stated, the ratio decidendi of any case is based upon the material facts of the case. This opens up the possibility that a court may regard the facts of the case before it as significantly different from the facts of a cited precedent, so it will not find itself bound to follow that precedent. Judges use the device of dis 3.4.1 Overruling Overruling is the procedure whereby a court higher up in the hierarchy sets aside a legal ruling established in a previous case. It is strange that, within the system of stare decisis, precedents gain increased authority with the passage of time. As a consequence, courts tend to be reluctant to overrule longstanding authorities even though they may no longer accurately reflect contemporary practices or morals. While old principles are not usually good in dentistry or computer sci 3.4 Binding precedent Not everything in a court case sets a precedent. The contents of a case report can be divided into two categories: 1. The reason for the decision – ratio decidendi The ratio decidendi of a case is not the actual decision, like ‘guilty’ or ‘the defendant is liable to pay compensation’. The precedent is set by the rule of law used by the judge or judges in deciding the legal problem raised by the facts 3.3.6 Summary of the system of precedent The basis of the system of precedent is the principle of stare decisis and this requires a later court to use the same reasoning as an earlier court where the two cases raise the same legal issues. For example: House of Lords’ decisions are binding on all other courts in the legal system, except the House of Lords itself. The Court of Appeal is bound by previous decisions of the House of Lords. The Court of Appeal generally i 3.3.5 The High Court The High Court is also bound by the decisions of superior courts. Decisions by individual High Court judges are binding on courts inferior in the hierarchy, but such decisions are not binding on other High Court judges, although they are of strong persuasive authority and tend to be followed in practice. It is possible, however, for High Court judges to disagree and for them to reach different conclusions as to the law in a particular area. The question then becomes – how is a later High Co
