Russia buries boat tragedy victims
July 13 - Victims of a boat accident in Russia's Volga river are buried in Kazan. Simon Hanna reports.
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Bank Stress Tests: Spanish failures seen but Italy to pass
July 13 - Daiwa Capital Markets credit analyst Michael Symonds says some Spanish savings banks will fail the EU-wide stress tests, which will be released on Friday, but Italian banks are likely to pass.
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Underwater U.S. homeowners assess options: Stay or walk away
July 13 - The White House says it's ramping up efforts to fix housing and with good reason— there are more American homeowners now under water on mortgages than at any time since the crisis began.
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Hundreds rescued from migrant boat
July 13 - Italian coastguard officials carry small children from a boat packed with migrants after the overcrowded vessel ran into trouble off the Italian island of Lampedusa. Nick Rowlands reports.
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Fed chief's stern debt warning
July 13 - U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke warned failure to lift the debt ceiling would throw the financial system into enormous disarray. He also said the Fed has more it can do to help the U.S. economy if needed. Bobbi Rebell reports.
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News Corp suit isolated to UK, pending more evidence: Coffee
July 13 - News Corp's hacking scandal took place in the UK and can only be sued in the U.S. if additional evidence against the American parent company is revealed, says Columbia law professor John Coffee.
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Arianna Huffington's key to happiness
July 6 - Arianna Huffington tells Atlantic's James Bennet and Reuters' Chrystia Freeland the secret to happiness - and education reform.
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Defying the crackdown in Syria
July 13 - Amateur video purportedly shows anti-government protesters in several Syrian cities defying crackdown to demonstrate against President Assad. Deborah Lutterbeck reports.
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Day Ahead: JPMorgan upside surprise likely
July 13 - JPMorgan reports second-quarter earnings before the bell and Reuters Quantitative Analyst Mike Tarsala says lower debt issuance and a rise in commercial loans are likely to lead to an upside surprise.
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Rebels advance towards Tripoli.
July 13 - Rebel fighters say they have retaken a village south of Tripoli that they lost to forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi earlier in the day. Deborah Lutterbeck reports.
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Mexico killings
July 14 - Bloody crime spree leaves 38 people dead across Mexico in suspected drug violence. Marie-Claire Fennessy reports
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Seoul holds rates amid uncertainty
July 14 - South Korea's central bank reaffirms anti-inflation stance, but stands pat on rates amid global uncertainty and high household debt levels. Arnold Gay reports.
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Mumbai awakes after attack
July 14- Indian's financial capital, Mumabi wakes as investigations continue into the triple bomb blast which struck the city. (Rough cut)
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Putnam County World War II Memorial
On the southwest corner of the courthouse lawn a World War II Memorial incorporates the infamous German V-1 "buzz bomb." It sits upon a v-shaped limestone base. It was dedicated November 11, 1948, as a tribute to Putnam County veterans killed in action.,Use of this image is restricted to projects related to Destination Indiana.,Putnam County Journey
Author(s): Larry Tippin, Putnam County Historian

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Digital Image © 2009 Putnam County Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

William J. Kennedy Teaching Certification
Center Point was where the first two-story department school house was built in the Clay County. William J. Kennedy was one of the contributors. He was a teacher and physician in the area after moving there from Ohio. This is his teaching certification.,Clay County Journey
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Digital Image © 2009 Indiana Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

Introduction

This unit discusses the future of Europe, and it looks particularly closely at what may happen to the smaller political units presently existing below the level of the nation-state. These include nation-regions like Scotland and Wales, larger entities like the German Länder, and smaller more recently created regions with less existing cultural unity. Despite the very large differences between them, for our purposes all these political entities are called ‘regions’. The un
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Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence - see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ - Original copyright The Open University

6.2 Shaping knowledge

It seems inevitable that any understandings we have will have been shaped and influenced by other (past and present) members of the same culture(s) we belong to. Most of these influences ‘just happen’: they arise out of our experiences as part of a culture whose members have had their experiences and shared them over many centuries. However, knowledge can also be deliberately influenced by powerful elements within a society: as we saw in Section 5.3, the church suppressed Galileo's r
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Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence - see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ - Original copyright The Open University

5.7 Summary

This section of the unit has made you aware that:

  • science is formed by a community of practice, creating knowledge and requiring a special language for its communication;

  • there is a difference between objective scientific methods and subjective ways of knowing;

  • political power influences scientific discoveries, and scientific knowledge is always socially embedded;

  • public understanding and perception of scien
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    Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence - see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ - Original copyright The Open University

5.5 How society constructs scientific thinking

To understand science, it is important that we appreciate the contexts in which discoveries are made or suppressed. We can see from the account on the previous page that human understanding of the universe has changed significantly over time. The social and political climate in which scientists work has always had a profound influence on what can and cannot be said, done, published or even postulated as worthy of further investigation. (You could undertake a similar study of the debates on hu
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Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence - see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ - Original copyright The Open University

5.2 Scientists as a community of practice

Science has been described as involving observation, description, categorisation, investigation, experimentation and formation of theoretical explanations for naturally occurring phenomena – activities performed by scientists using scientific methods.

Jacob Bronowski (1973) said, ‘That is the essence of science: ask an impertinent question, and you are on the way to a pertinent answer’ – an apt way to put it, as with science, we set off from a starting point of curiosity an
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Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence - see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ - Original copyright The Open University