2.3 What is a ‘business’? The vast majority of companies are, indeed, set up and run with ‘commercial objects’ – in other words, they are business enterprises, or ‘undertakings’, set up to trade and make a profit. It is principally in the context of the company as a form of business organisation (or ‘business medium’) that we will be studying it. So, before we start to look in detail at what companies are, it is a good idea to have a grasp of what companies do, which will lead us on to consider why they
7.3 Procedure by which Bills become law In order to become an Act of Parliament, a Bill will have to be passed by both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. A Bill may start in either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, with the exception of Finance Bills, which always start in the House of Commons. A Finance Bill is introduced by the Government shortly after the Budget to bring the Government's tax proposals into law. Before the Bill can become an Act of Parliament it must undergo a number of stages.
6.2 The limits of legislative competence Before devolution, all Bills affecting Scotland were introduced in, and subject to the procedures of, the UK Parliament. Some of those Bills were limited in extent to Scotland, while others applied to the whole of the United Kingdom (although often with some distinct provisions applicable only to Scotland). You can learn more about the procedures for the UK Parliament in Author(s):
2.1 The meaning of formal rules In this part, we will develop our understanding of rules further. So far we have concentrated on social rules. We looked at what is meant by this, at the way such rules develop, at the conflicts which may arise between groups operating under different social rule systems, and at what happens when such rules are broken. Here, we are going to explore rules which are more formal in nature. By this I mean rules which – instead of being the product of shared understanding and practice – are se
Introduction This unit is designed as an introduction to the academic study of the concept of rules, but will also serve as an introduction to a variety of different writing styles that are used in the academic world. It will challenge you to think about why some statements are rules and some are not, and what it is that distinguishes rules from habits and customs. It also looks at more formal rules and how such rules are applied and enforced. Rules shape our lives because they set out what we may and may
2.3 Social work and social change The social work profession in Scotland is undergoing a period of significant change at the beginning of the twenty-first century. In a process which largely mirrors developments across the UK, new systems for the education and regulation of social workers have been introduced to improve standards in the provision of social services, to raise public confidence and protect service users. For the first time entrants to the profession are required to obtain an undergraduate degree in social work,
Introduction Privacy has long been recognised as one of the important human rights and this is reflected in religion and history. There are, for example, references to privacy in the Qur'an, the Bible and Jewish law. Privacy was also protected in classical Greece and ancient China. The protection of privacy is seen as a way of drawing the line to indicate how far society can intrude into a person's affairs. Privacy encompasses an individual's liberty to choose how they lead their lives, freedom from
3.2 The evolution of the EU The EU has grown out of a series of intergovernmental political initiatives which have been expressed in a number of treaties. These treaties form the building blocks that give authority and power to the institutions and law-making bodies of the EU. The process is evolutionary, as treaties are reviewed and amended to reflect both the changing membership and the vision of the EU. The EU is founded on several treaties: The treaty that established
2.4 The European Court of Human Rights Common law and the court hierarchy, statutory interpretation and judicial precedent are all peculiar to the domestic English law. The European Court of Human Rights operates in a different way. The rights in the European Convention on Human Rights are stated in general terms and are interpreted according to international legal principles. For example, Article 31(1) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties states: 6.5.1 Presumptions When determining the meaning of particular words the courts will make certain presumptions about the law. If the statute clearly states the opposite, then a presumption will not apply and it is said that the presumption is rebutted. The main presumptions are: A presumption against change in the common law. It is assumed that the common law will apply unless Parliament has made it plain in the Act that the common law has been altered. 1.3.1: The mean and the median This subsection looks at two ways of finding an ‘average’. The first produces the mean, which is what was originally meant by ‘average’, and what most people think of when they talk about an average. The second gives the median, which might more accurately be described as a ‘typical’ or middle value. They will be illustrated using the following batch of heights. The heights in metres (measured to the nearest centimetre) of a group of seven people are as follows 1.2.3: A typical shopping basket This subsection discusses using a typical basket of goods to analyse price changes over time. However, what is meant by ‘typical’? Think back to the last time you went shopping. What did you buy? The electric light bulbs that you have just stocked up on are unlikely to be in your shopping basket next week, whereas milk may well be there every week. And there may be items—a new toothbrush for example—that you buy from time to time, but not this week. To monitor price change 7 OpenMark quiz Hopefully, thinking about how your solution to a mathematical problem might be marked, will help you to produce better solutions for yourself, as well as for somebody else. Now try the quiz and see if there are any areas you need to work on. 6.5 Solutions to ‘making a lawn’ Learning from the marking of the previous questions, write out a good solution to the following problem. Suppose you have some friends who are planning to put a new lawn in their garden. The lawn is to be 12 m by 14 m and they have a choice of either laying turf or sow 6.3 Solving the riddle of St Ives Write out your own solution to the following problem. As I was going to St Ives I met a man with seven wives. Each wife had seven sacks. Each sack had seven cats. Each cat had seven kits. Kits, 3.2.1 Try some yourself 1 You are planning to paint three rooms with total wall areas of 56, 38 and 40 square metres, using paint that comes in tins which claim to cover 15 square metres per tin. How many tins will you need for each room? And how many in total? 3.2 Using formulas Formulas are important because they describe general relationships, rather than specific numerical ones. For example, the tins of paint formula applies to every wall. To use such a formula you need to substitute specific values for the general terms, as the following examples show. 3.4 Decreasing by a percentage Discount can be calculated in the same way as an increase by a percentage. For example, £8 with 15% discount means you actually pay   £8 less (15% of £8)   15% of 8 = Introduction This unit is from our archive and it is an adapted extract from Open mathematics (MU120) which is no longer in presentation. If you wish to study formally at The Open University, you may wish to explore the courses we offer in this curriculum area
The topics in this unit, ratios, proportion and percentages, are concerned with dividing something into parts. Fo 5.3.3 Torus with 1 hole In our last example, we consider a pentagon with two pairs of edges identified. As we saw in Section 2.3, identification of the edges produces a torus with a hole. In this case there are five vertex-neighbourhoods to fit together, as shown in Author(s):
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Example 18: Making a lawn
Example 17: St Ives
Example 8
× 8 = Author(s):
