5.3 Heat production There are two graphs in this section, Figure 2 and Author(s): Introduction Mammals come in a bewildering variety of shapes and sizes and yet all of the 4700 or so species have some characteristics in common. Indeed, it's the existence of these common features that justifies the inclusion of all such diverse types within the single taxonomic group (or class) called the Mammalia. This is the first in a series of units about studying mammals. To get the most from these units, you will need access to a copy of The Life of Mammals (2002) by David Attenboroug 1.4.6 The signed area under a constant velocity–time graph There is a simple feature of uniform velocity–time graphs that will be particularly useful to know about when we come to consider non-uniform motion in the next section. It concerns the relationship between the velocity–time graph and the change in position over a given time interval. Consider the following problem. A vehicle travels at a velocity vx = 12 m s−1 for 4 s. By how much does its position change over that interval? The answer, fro 1.3.5 A note on graph drawing There will be many occasions throughout your study of physics when you will need to draw graphs. This subsection gives some important guidelines for this activity.
Decide which is the independent variable and which the dependent variable. Plot the independent variable along the horizontal axis and the dependent variable along the vertical axis. This is purely a convention but is why, for instance, we usually plot the time 1 2 From drop-towers to Oblivion – some applications of linear motion We have all experienced that momentary feeling of lightness when an elevator begins its downward motion. It is almost as if our weight had suddenly been reduced or, conceivably, that the pull of the Earth's gravity had decreased for a moment. But imagine what it would be like if the lift cable had suddenly snapped and the lift, with you in it, had plummeted downward. Apart from stark terror, what else do you think you would experience during your fall? What would the physical experience Learning outcomes After studying this unit you should be able to: explain the meaning of all the newly defined (emboldened) terms introduced in this unit; draw, analyse and interpret position–time, displacement–time, velocity–time and acceleration–time graphs. Where appropriate, you should also be able to relate those graphs one to another and to the functions or equations that describe them, particularly in the case of straight-line graphs; find the derivati Acknowledgements This extract is taken from S809 © 2005 The Open University. All written material contained within this unit originated at the Open University. 2.2.4 Film cassette and grid As the X-rays pass through the patient some of them will be scattered and will therefore not follow the expected line through the patient. If these reach the detector they will blur the image. Some of the scattered radiation can be removed by a grid, usually oscillating, placed between the patient and the detector. Analogue imaging systems use either film alone (rarely) or a combination of a film and fluorescent material (phosphor). The phosphor fluoresces and produces visible light whi Acknowledgements Except for third party materials and otherwise stated (see terms and conditions), this content is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence The following appears in Introduction to Astrobiology (Planetary Science Book 2: ISBN 0-521-54621-4) which is published in ass 2.3 Examining Europa's surface It is all very well speculating about conditions in an ocean below Europa's ice, but what evidence is there that it actually exists? After all, tidal heating might not result in ice melting on a global scale, and current geophysical models of Europa's internal structure (e.g. Figure 14 in Section 1.5) cannot te Acknowledgements The content acknowledged below is Proprietary (see terms and conditions) and is used under licence. This content is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this unit: T 2 Who are the anthropoids? As you know, the suborder Anthropoidea includes monkeys, apes and humans. You will be aware from reading LoM that taxonomists group monkeys according to the shape of their nose: Old World monkeys are catarrhines and New World monkeys are platyrrhines [p. 264]. In fact, apes and humans share many traits with Old World monkeys, so they too belong to the catarrhrines, whereas the New World monkeys are sufficiently distinct to be contained within a grouping of their own. DA also mentions other an 6 Promoting science promotion: the move from deficit to dialogue This unit has tried to distinguish between institutional science outreach events and independent alternatives by recognising some of their characteristics and evaluating the extent to which they fulfil (and even create) a political mandate for PEST (Public Engagement in Science and Technology). Although institutional events sometimes involve the deficit style of ‘top-down’ transmission of facts, the examples provided in this unit suggest that they are increasingly imaginative and unusual. 2.3 ‘Go Say’ science promotion events An increasing number of science museums and science centres hold regular organised events that stand apart from their exhibitions. The Dana Centre, which now has a permanent venue in the Wellcome Wolfson Building at the Science Museum, holds 10–20 events each month. They are designed to provoke discussion through a blend of debate, art, multimedia and performance, covering issues such as the ethics of prolonging the life of foetuses, the role of science in alleviating poverty, and what is, 4.1 Introduction Domestication of dogs and of most other livestock took place so long ago that reconstructing the course of events is extremely difficult. Written records and illustrations describing the origins of many modern breeds are also sparse until the 19th century. We can only guess at what the domesticators were aiming to produce and how and when domesticated traits appeared in the species subjected to artificial selection. However, a little-known experiment on the domestication of red foxes (Vulp 3.2 Angular size, actual size and distance The angular size of an object is determined uniquely by its actual size and its distance from the observer. For an object of fixed size, the larger the distance, the smaller the angular size. For objects at a fixed distance, the larger the actual size of an object, the larger its angular size. For objects with small angular sizes, such as typical astronomical objects, the precise relationship between angular size, actual size and distance is well approximated by th 1.3 Beyond visible light During the twentieth century, astronomers extended their capabilities by developing telescopes and detectors that were sensitive to radio waves, microwaves, infrared and ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. All these forms of electromagnetic radiation, along with visible light, are emitted by the Sun. 6 Reflection Most of the activities that you have done so far are based on your understanding of single sections that you have just read. Activity 8 which follows, is different. It requires you to assemble and integrate information over the whole ‘Life in the trees’ topic and is likely to require some extra effort and thought. Integrating information from different sections of the unit; is an important element in building your study skills. You're asked here to assemble evidence in support of a partic 5.1 Introduction The island of Madagascar is relatively small compared to the enormous landmasses of Africa, Asia and South America inhabited by the primates I've mentioned up to now. Yet of the 250 or so living primate species, more than 30 species of lemur live in Madagascar – an astonishingly high 13 per cent or so of all primate species. Their diversity is reflected in the identification of no fewer than five families, related in the way suggested in Author(s): 2.3 The colugo In LoM, DA vividly describes one particular evolutionary development associated with tree dwelling – taking to the air [pp. 221–227]. The gliding habit evolved independently in different mammalian lineages and yet the anatomical modifications that allow it are similar in, for example, flying squirrels and the unrelated colugo. In particular, the ‘sail of skin’ [p. 221], technically termed a patagium, stretches between the limbs – and a good deal further in the colugo, acting as an e
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