7.4 Equipment costs In many projects, staff costs are the most expensive element, but there are other costs to consider, such as materials and equipment. Indeed, in some projects (for example, some military and space projects) these other costs are at least as significant as staff costs. For organisational accounting purposes, a distinction will be required between capital expenditure, or the acquisition of fixed assets, and revenue expenditure, or the incurring of expenses. The work breakdown plan and the sched
7.3 Staff costs The staff time and staff-related costs need to be calculated. These include salaries, taxes, holidays, overtime, training, travel and subsistence, and accommodation for the number of staff for the time they will be needed. This raises all sorts of questions about the basis on which staff are costed and the relationship of the project budgeting system to other budgets and costing systems in the organisation. The basic assumptions underlying allocation of resources need careful consideration ea
7.2 Revenues Projects vary in how they are eventually financed. They can be purely commercial projects from which the products are sold at market prices, and so eventually the revenues they generate are expected to cover the costs and provide an operating profit. In the meantime, development costs and working capital have to be financed from share and loan capital raised by the organisation, the cost of which will be met from the profit the project makes. At the other extreme there are projects, in both f
7.1 Introduction Planning a project includes preparation of financial and related projections. Frequently, these will be used to: weigh up the economic feasibility of the project; obtain approval from a higher authority in the organisation for the project to proceed; set boundaries of delegation or empowerment in a formal budget; provide the basis for accounting for project revenues and costs; provide
4 Identifying deliverables The project brief will identify the goals of the project and may express some of these as key objectives. At an early stage of planning you will need to identify all of the project objectives and the deliverables that are implied or required from each objective. Each objective will identify a clear outcome. The outcome is the deliverable. In some cases, the outcome will be some sort of change achieved and in other cases it will be the production of something new. In either case, the pro
3 Conclusion
If you've ever been involved in campaigning for change, you probably know that getting the desired result is much harder than it seems. Moreover, the decision to campaign on a particular issue can expose tensions and cracks within an organisation itself. This unit explores effective approaches to campaigning.
2 Activity and questions
If you've ever been involved in campaigning for change, you probably know that getting the desired result is much harder than it seems. Moreover, the decision to campaign on a particular issue can expose tensions and cracks within an organisation itself. This unit explores effective approaches to campaigning.
1 Problems facing campaigning organisations
If you've ever been involved in campaigning for change, you probably know that getting the desired result is much harder than it seems. Moreover, the decision to campaign on a particular issue can expose tensions and cracks within an organisation itself. This unit explores effective approaches to campaigning.
3.2 Technology and costs in the short run Advertising leaflets are dropping through letter boxes around the UK, as we are writing this chapter, from cable suppliers trying to attract new customers for their services. They promise to provide a telephone line, a bundle of television channels, an Internet connection, home shopping and movies-on-demand, all at a ‘bargain price’. These leaflets raise some interesting questions. How does expanding output of cable services by selling to new customers make it possible to offer them
3.1 Introduction In this section the focus turns towards the supply side of the market, towards firms and industries, exploring the importance of costs and technological change in the organisation of production. The objective is to understand some of the different kinds of change in industrial structure, namely changes in the number and size of firms in an industry. One such change saw the emergence of Ford, initially one among many similar firms jostling for position in the US automobile industry, as the ind
1 Inclusive education: Knowing what we mean There is no doubt that inclusive education is a contested area. Indeed, nationally and internationally, it is the focus of what Daniels has called ‘extraordinary debates concerning definition and ownership’ (Daniels, 2000, p. 1). In this opening section we will look at a range of perspectives on what inclusive education means – drawn from a variety of sources, both ‘official’ and individual. But first let us look at what inclusive education means to you. Montag, 1. November 2010 Placing Words: Symbols, Space, and the City Byzantine monuments of Attica Scots in Argentina Force de l'art 02 Ferdinand Freiligrath Briefrepertorium DIO : the international journal of scientific history Italian academies, 1530-1700: a themed collection database Cátedra Padre António Vieira de Estudos portugueses
Trainieren Sie Ihr Hörverstehen mit authentischen Materialien. Nutzen Sie die Nachrichten der Deutschen Welle von Montag - als Text und als verständlich gesprochene Audio-Datei. BERLIN: Nach dem Fund von Paketbomben in Frachtflugzeugen hat Bundesinnenminister Thomas de Maizière Lücken im Sicherheitssystem eingeräumt. Die Sicherheitsbehörden hätten sich zu stark auf die Kontrolle des Personenverkehrs konzentriert. Dies hätten die Terroristen ausgenutzt. De Maizière kündigte an, die Schw
The evolution of architecture resembles nothing so much as the fleshing out and refinement of an organism, in William Mitchell’s condensed account. In pre-industrial times, architecture was “fundamentally skeleton and skin—a structure that protects and keeps out the weather.” The industrial era brought an incre
This excellent website, the Byzantine Monuments of Attica, provides a wealth of information on the history of Athens during the Byzantine rule of the city. Looking at the ways in which the Byzantine Empire sought to Christianise the city, its buildings and its inhabitants, and the ways in which the Empire looked to destroy the Classical traditions, practices and learnings, this website provides information on the buildings and ruins of Athens and the various objects (mostly artworks including s
The Scots in Argentina web page, which includes Argentine and Chilean Patagonia, gives an introduction to the research topic of Scots in Argentina as well as providing official lists of Scots in the area, drawn from many different publications. It encompasses records from 1800-1932. Divided into several sections, the website provides brief historical overviews of the time and the people. It then provides statistics for marriages, burials, births, civil records, including members of the St Andr
This website is for 'La Force de l'Art', a triennial exhibition held as part of Monumenta at the refurbished Grand Palais in Paris. There is information on the website about the different venues used for the exhibition in 'Sites', including The Grand Palais, The Eiffel Tower and The Louvre Museum among others, there is also a section about the purpose built architectural work inside the Palais. There is a list of artists taking part in the exhibition, with a brief biography and project descripti
Ferdinand Freiligrath Briefrepertorium is a website which aids research on the German writer and poet, Ferdinand Freiligrath (1810-1876), who was a friend of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882). In the 1840s he became more political and attracted the attention of Karl Marx (1818-1883); historians will note Freiligrath's letters with Engels about Marx, which are listed here. This site posts a research index to Freilgrath's published and unpublished correspondence, including letters, visiting
'DIO: The International Journal of Scientific History' is a full-text ejournal, edited from Florida State University. The editors are inclined to accept articles by... "astrononomers, physicists, mathematicians, & classicists - not historians". Published three times a year, at June 2009 the journal has 27 issues online. Issues usually offer between two and six articles, freely available as PDF files. Example article titles include: 'The Babylonian Theory of the Planets'; 'The Southern Limit of
This website provides access to a bibliography of the British Librarys exceptional collection of material from the Italian Learned Academies of the late Renaissance and early modern periods. During the period covered, the Academies had a vital role in the intellectual culture of Italy and beyond, yet the only comprehensive work available to scholars (Michele Maylenders Storia delle Accademie d'Italia) is over 50 years old and in needs to be in many cases corrected, and updated in the l
This is the site of the Fr. António Vieira Chair of the Pontifica Universidade Católica of Rio de Janeiro, which was established in 1984 with a truly interdisciplinary and comparative purpose. It hosts a range of comparative reserach projects in the humanities: canons and margins in Portuguese and Brazilian literature; continuity and discontinuity in Brazilian and Portuguese literature; aspects of Portuguese in its different stages; the role of intellectuals in modern and postmodern society; l
