References 7 Unit summary This unit presents an understanding of ‘ethics’ as something related with ‘good’ and ‘bad’. There are other derivative words like ‘optimal’ that might also be used, and there are parochial words which are related to particular communities. When we talk about ethical things, we are liable to confront cultural differences that are reflected in differences in vocabulary. But there are other kinds of differences too. Things have different properties; for example, ‘appearance’ 5.12 Interests There is quite a lot to be said about the play, but in this unit I need to be selective. In the conversations that take place, one of the things that happens is that all sorts of interests unfold. There is a catalogue of benefits that could each potentially accrue to a long list of individuals and groups. We have the government that could gain benefits through ownership which would allow it to develop the device, understand threats, prevent development, protect the indigenous industry and ret 6.3 The decision-making process 4. Who is the ‘audience’? Who do I need to persuade? 5. What benefits of the proposed change will those making up the audience value? What is their perspective on the proposed change? 6. What is the process by which t 3.8 Section summary This section has introduced you to the nature of operations management and the role that technology plays. The operations function has been treated as a transformation process, converting resource inputs of various types to outputs that provide value for a range of stakeholders – particularly but not exclusively in the form of goods and services for customers. This transformation process principle can be applied at all levels in an organisation – both the enterprise as a whole and s 3.7 The role of technology Technology is an increasingly important, if not dominant, element in operations. It was included as one of the resource inputs in the Figure 2 transformation model developed earlier, but treating it in this way potentially underestimates its role. Technology is often an important element of t 8.5 Review We can sum up the distinctive features of wet etching with a few key points: Wet etching, in general, is a simple process to operate. Wafers are immersed in a solution for a while before being taken out, rinsed, and dried. However, certain etches require more sophistication. They may need one or more of the following: heating and agitation of the solution; reflux of vapours to maintain concentrations; protection of back side of the wafer; incorporation Learning outcomes After you have completed this unit you should be able to: describe how to use metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) structures for light capture, switches and latches; distinguish between CMOS and CCD strategies for image capture. 4.6 Photographs showing the detail: debris field The relatively clear platform of pier 3 is also visible in Figure 28. There are several pieces of shaped metal on the floor, at least one appears to be a bolt. A close-up of the floor, taken looking east, is shown in Author(s): 2.8 Good times and bad The music industry, like any other large industrial business, had good times and bad times. By 1924 the burgeoning of radio broadcasting in the United States caused a severe downturn in record and equipment sales, leading to amalgamations and bankruptcies of many of the record companies. Actually, radio broadcast studio technology proved of great importance to the record industry. The sensitive microphones and electronic amplifiers used in broadcast studios offered improved characteristics th 2.2 Bell and Tainter improve the phonograph If Edison was not willing to continue development of the phonograph then others were. Alexander Graham Bell, who had risen to prominence through his invention of the telephone, took a great interest in recording sounds, even suggesting to Edison that they might collaborate. Edison refused, so Bell set about developing a recording machine with the assistance of his cousin Chichester Bell, a chemical engineer, and Charles Tainter, a scientist and instrument maker. By 1887 Bell and Tainter had s 5.8 Vibrating air column: standing waves in a cylindrical tube open at both ends The frequencies at which standing waves can be set up in an air column enclosed by a cylindrical tube that is open at both ends can be determined quite easily. Because both ends are open to the atmosphere, the pressure at these positions always remains at atmospheric pressure. In other words, there is no fluctuation in the pressure at the open ends so they must be pressure nodes (think ‘no-deviation’ in pressure). So, as we saw with the string fixed at both ends, the length L of th 3.6 Learning and effective action I claim that learning is about effective action. It is distinguished when I, or another observer, recognise that I can perform what I was unable to perform before. Following Reyes and Zarama (1998), I am going to claim learning is an assessment made by an observer based on observed capacity for action. From this perspective, learning is not about ideas stored in our mind, but about action. So what makes an action effective? Reyes and Zarama (1998, p. 26) make the following claims: 9.9 Perspectives review Just as you were completing your rich picture, I asked you to identify and record any stakeholdings, thinking, feelings, and views about what to do. In the next activity, I invite you to do a similar exercise based on where you are now. I then want you to re-examine the notes and compare the earlier perspective against your current perspective. Expect to spend about half an hour on this activity. 7.2.5 Trap 5: the final version trap Ironically, the biggest mistake you can make, having got this far, is to assume your picture is finished. New realisations will crop up. Add these to your picture as you appreciate more and more of the complexity. So, the check for avoiding this trap is to ask: Have I had any new insights about the complex situation since I last added something to this picture? 2.2 The nature of systems thinking and systems practice There are no simple definitions for either systems thinking or systems practice. It's difficult to find definitions that capture all the perspectives that the ideas carry for people who think of themselves as systems thinkers and systems practitioners. Most systems practitioners seem to experience the same kind of difficulty in explaining what they do or what it means to be systemic in their thinking. Through experience I've developed some criteria by which I characterise systems thinking, bu 18.2.1 Relative advantage In order to succeed, an innovation has to be perceived as offering advantages relative to existing comparable products or services. For example, it has more chance of selling if it is cheaper to make and buy, does the job better or does something previously not possible, offers more features, is easier to use, or is reliable and safe. Relative advantage is sometimes called competitive advantage. A good example is how the steady reduction in size and increase in efficiency of the electri 12.4 Coupling model There are examples where either technology or the market appears to be more significant in stimulating invention but the majority of innovations involve a creative coupling of technological and market factors. In some respects successful innovation is a case of the survival of the fittest. Failure can come both from not getting the technology right and from misjudging the market. Success is more likely if the focus is not too one-dimensional but rather a balance between technology and market 1.2.9 Reading diagrams: questioning what they say With each of these diagrams and others we are trying to read there is another set of more searching questions we can ask: What is the purpose of the diagram, i.e. what is it aiming to tell us? How is the information imparted? What assumptions does it make about our ability to understand it? What are we expected to remember from it? How successful is 5.9 Membrane filtration Membrane filtration is a process whereby particles smaller than about 10−2 mm (which can pass through sand filters) are removed using synthetic polymeric membranes and a high pressure. The membrane effectively acts as a sieve. It is increasingly becoming popular as an advanced treatment process for water (especially for removal of Cryptosporidium) and wastewater (where water reuse takes place), and various possibilities are:
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Austin, J. (1986) How to do things with words. Edited by J. O. Urmson and Marina Sbisà. New York: Oxford University Press
Engineering Council UK (n.d.) Statement of Ethical Principles.
Frayn, M. (1965) The Tin Men. London: Faber and Faber
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