5 Review of the learning outcomes This unit discussed the meaning of privacy and what a right to privacy protects. Privacy has variously been defined as: the right to be left alone; freedom from interruption, intrusion, embarrassment or accountability; control of the disclosure of personal information; protection of the individual's independence, dignity and integrity; secrecy, anonymity and solitude; the right to protection from intrusion into your personal life. The
Acknowledgements The following material is Proprietary (see terms and conditions) and is used under licence. Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this unit: Figure 1 © UN Photo Library; Figure 2 Photo: © Co
Figures
3.1 Part B overview The European Convention on Human Rights was introduced in unit W100_4 Europe and the law, and through your previous studies you have probably already considered cases (such as that of Diane Pretty) where articles of the European Convention on Human Rights were under debate. Here you will look at its legal implications in more detail. You will consider how the European Convention on Human Rights came into being, why it was considered necessary to create such an instrument, what are its
Introduction This unit considers the growth of human rights and humanitarian law before looking at the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in detail. It will also look at the position of human rights in the UK and the effect of the Human Rights Act 1998. This unit is an adapted extract from the course Rules, rights and justice: an introduction to law
(W100)
The relationship between the EC and the EU The words ‘European Economic Community’ (EEC), ‘European Community’ (EC) and ‘European Union’ (EU) have already been used in this unit, and many texts and journal and newspaper articles use them interchangeably. It is important that you are clear on their relationship and what they mean. This unit will always refer to the current position as the EU, but what is the relationship between the EC, the EEC and the EU? As mentioned earlier, the Maastricht Treaty (1992) established
6.5.1 Presumptions When determining the meaning of particular words the courts will make certain presumptions about the law. If the statute clearly states the opposite, then a presumption will not apply and it is said that the presumption is rebutted. The main presumptions are: A presumption against change in the common law. It is assumed that the common law will apply unless Parliament has made it plain in the Act that the common law has been altered.
6.4 The mischief rule This third rule gives a judge more discretion than either the literal or the golden rule. This rule requires the court to look to what the law was before the statute was passed in order to discover what gap or mischief the statute was intended to cover. The court is then required to interpret the statute in such a way to ensure that the gap is covered. The rule is contained in Heydon's Case (1584), where it was said that for the true interpretation of a statute, four things have to be
3.4.1 Try some yourself 1 For each of the following calculations make suitable rough estimates before doing the calculation on your calculator and check the result. (a) 22.12 ÷ 4.12 (b) 0.897 × 3.1 Have I done the right calculation? Once you have done a calculation, with or without the aid of a calculator, it is important that you pause for a moment to check your calculation. You need to ask yourself some questions. Have I done the right calculation in the right order? Have I given due consideration to units of measurement? Is my answer reasonable? Did I make a rough estimate to act as a check? Your calculation wil Acknowledgements The content acknowledged below is Proprietary (see terms and conditions). This content is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this Unit: Ficure 2: Crown copyright 1.4.3 A price index for the shopping basket In the audio session, two methods of constructing a price index for bread were described. They were called the ‘previous year’ method and the ‘base year’ method. In both cases, the value of the index in the base year is 100. So, for the base year method, For the prev 1.4: Price ratios and price indices
Aims
The main aim of this section is to look at some different ways of measuring price increases. In this section you will be looking at measuring price changes using price indices. In order to do this you will need to understand the concept of a price ratio. Price ratios are another way of looking at price increases or decreases, related to the proportional and percentage increases and decreases you have seen before. 1.3.2 The mean The mean, or the arithmetic mean as it is sometimes called, is found by adding together all the numbers in the batch and then dividing by the batch size. Thus, for the batch of heights, 6.5.1 Another ‘making a lawn’ solution Suppose you have some friends who are planning to put a new lawn in their garden. The lawn is to be 12 m by 14 m and they have a choice of either laying turf or sowing grass seed. You have been asked to help them decide between the two. 3.2 Using formulas Formulas are important because they describe general relationships, rather than specific numerical ones. For example, the tins of paint formula applies to every wall. To use such a formula you need to substitute specific values for the general terms, as the following examples show. Learning outcomes By the end of this unit you should be able to: lay out and, where appropriate, label simple mathematical arguments; understand the precise mathematical meaning of certain common English words; understand and use common mathematical symbols; write clear, unambiguous mathematical solutions using appropriate notation; identify and modify some sources of ambiguity or inappropriate use of notation in a mathematical solution; 1.7 Every picture tells a story: summing up In summary, this section has looked at time-series graphs, conversion graphs and mathematical graphs. Like all representations, graphs draw from a range of common conventions and styles to convey meaning. From a mathematical point of view, graphs give a visual impression of the relationship between two (or sometimes more) variables; but bear in mind that this impression is largely under the control of whoever draws the graph. When you are drawing graphs for yourself or others, you need to cho 1.5.2 Mathematical graphs: How do you read them? The coordinates of a point are always given in the form (value along the x-axis, value along the y-axis). Two values separated by a comma and enclosed in round brackets form a coordinate pair.Author(s): 1.4.1 Introduction The term ‘conversion graph’ describes a graph used to convert a quantity measured in one system of units to the same quantity measured in another. For example, you can draw up a conversion graph to convert temperatures expressed in degrees Celsius to temperatures expressed in degrees Fahrenheit; to convert liquid volumes expressed in pints to the same volumes expressed in litres; to convert a sum of money expressed in one currency to the same amount expressed in a different currency.
Example 18 Making a lawn
Example 8
