Richard Jefferson-Loveday

Contact

• workRoom C34 Coates Building
  University Park
  Nottingham
  NG7 2RD
  UK
• work0115 74 84957
• Richard.Jefferson-Loveday@nottingham.ac.uk

Biography

Richard Jefferson-Loveday is an Associate Professor in the Engineering Department at the University of Nottingham. Prior to this he worked as a Senior Research Associate at the Whittle Laboratory at the University of Cambridge. He has worked on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) projects supported by Siemens, Rolls-Royce and EPSRC. In 2014 he and his colleagues were recipients of the IGTI Turbomachinery Committee Best Paper Award for their work on transition in low pressure turbines.

Richard is a member of the Gas Turbine and Transmissions Research Centre (G2TRC) and Powertrain Research Centre research groups.

Expertise Summary

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Fluid Dynamics

Multi-phase flow

Turbulence Modelling

Large Eddy Simulation

Teaching Summary

Computational Fluid Dynamics (MM4CFD)

Thermodynamics and Fluid Dynamics I (MM1TF1)

Thermodynamics and Fluid Dynamics II (MM1TF2)

Research Summary

Richard is interested in the computational simulation of single and multi-phase turbulent flows, CFD method development and high performance computing (HPC).

Recent Publications

• SINGH, K., AMBROSE, S., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., NICOLI, A. and MOUVANAL, S., 2023. Computational study of free surface film flow and subsequent disintegration of a sheet and ligaments into droplets from a rotary disk atomizer: Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics. 17(1),
• NICOLI, A., JOHNSON, K. and JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., 2022. Computational modelling of turbulent Taylor–Couette flow for bearing chamber applications: A comparison of unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy.
• GENNARI, G., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R. and PICKERING, S. J., 2022. A phase-change model for diffusion-driven mass transfer problems in incompressible two-phase flows Chemical Engineering Science. 259, 117791
• MANSOURI, Z. and JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., 2022. Heat Transfer Characteristics Of A High-pressure Turbine Under Combined Distorted Hot-streak And Residual Swirl: An Unsteady Computational Study International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 195, 123143

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• SINGH, K., AMBROSE, S., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., NICOLI, A. and MOUVANAL, S., 2023. Computational study of free surface film flow and subsequent disintegration of a sheet and ligaments into droplets from a rotary disk atomizer: Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics. 17(1),
• NICOLI, A., JOHNSON, K. and JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., 2022. Computational modelling of turbulent Taylor–Couette flow for bearing chamber applications: A comparison of unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy.
• GENNARI, G., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R. and PICKERING, S. J., 2022. A phase-change model for diffusion-driven mass transfer problems in incompressible two-phase flows Chemical Engineering Science. 259, 117791
• MANSOURI, Z. and JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., 2022. Heat Transfer Characteristics Of A High-pressure Turbine Under Combined Distorted Hot-streak And Residual Swirl: An Unsteady Computational Study International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 195, 123143
• SINGH, K., NICOLI, A., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., AMBROSE, S., CAGEAO, P., JOHNSON, K., MOUVANAL, S., CAO, J. and JACOBS, A., 2022. Predictions of Falling Wavy Films Based on The Depth Averaged Thin Film Model and Its Application to Aeroengine Bearing Chamber In: Turbo Expo 2022 Turbomachinery Technical Conference & Exposition, Rotterdam Ahoy Convention Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands - GT2022-78010.
• NICOLI, A., SINGH, K., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., AMBROSE, S. and MOUVANAL, S., 2022. Numerical Simulation of Multi-scale Oil Films on a Rotating Cup Using VOF and Coupled Eulerian Thin-Film-DPM Approaches In: Turbo Expo 2022 Turbomachinery Technical Conference & Exposition, Rotterdam Ahoy Convention Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands - GT2022-82533.
• SHARMA, S., AMBROSE, S. and JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., 2022. Numerical characterisation of noise generated by a distributed-propulsion propeller In: 28th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics 2022 Conference, 2022.
• MANSOURI, Z. and JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., 2022. Heat transfer characteristics of a high-pressure turbine under combined distorted hot-streak and residual swirl: an unsteady computational study In: Proceedings of the 17th UK Heat Transfer Conference, The University of Manchester, 4-6 April 2022.
• XIPENG, LYU, KRUISBRINK, A. and JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., 2022. A shift model based on particle collisions – preserving kinetic energy and potential energy in a constant force field – to avoid particle clustering in SPH Journal of Computational Physics. 469, 111530
• LEE, D. S., LOVE, A., MANSOURI, Z., CLARKE, T. H. W., HARROWVEN, D. C., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., PICKERING, S. J., POLIAKOFF, M. and GEORGE, M. W., 2022. High-Productivity Single-Pass Electrochemical Birch Reduction of Naphthalenes in a Continuous Flow Electrochemical Taylor Vortex Reactor Organic Process Research & Development.
• BERTOLOTTI, L., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., AMBROSE, S. and KORSUKOVA, E., 2022. High Fidelity CFD-Trained Machine Learning Model to inform RANS-Modelled Interfacial Turbulence In: Proceedings of Global Power and Propulsion Society Conference, Chania.
• MOUVANAL, S., SINGH, K., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., AMBROSE, S., EASTWICK C. N., JOHNSON, K. and JACOBS, A., 2022. Coupled Eulerian Thin Film Model and Lagrangian Discrete Phase Model to Predict Film Thickness Inside An Aero-Engine Bearing Chamber In: Proceedings of Global Power and Propulsion Society Conference, Chania..
• PORRO, M., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R. and BENINI, E., 2021. Axial flow compressor stability enhancement: Circumferential T-shape grooves performance investigation: Aerospace Aerospace. 8(1), 1-19
• SINGH, K., SHARABI, M., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., AMBROSE, S., EASTWICK, C., CAO, J. and JACOBS, A., 2021. Modeling of Partially Wetting Liquid Film Using an Enhanced Thin Film Model for Aero-Engine Bearing Chamber Applications: Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 143(4),
• LOVE, A., LEE, D. S., GENNARI, G., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., PICKERING, S. J., POLIAKOFF, M. and GEORGE, M., 2021. A Continuous-Flow Electrochemical Taylor Vortex Reactor: A Laboratory-Scale High-Throughput Flow Reactor with Enhanced Mixing for Scalable Electrosynthesis: Organic Process Research and Development Organic Process Research and Development.
• BERTOLOTTI, L, JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R, AMBROSE, S. and KORSUKOVA, E., 2021. A Comparison of Volume of Fluid and Euler–Euler Approaches in Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Two-Phase Flows With a Sharp Interface Journal of Turbomachinery. 143(12),
• NICOLI, A., JOHNSON, K. and JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., 2021. Simulation of a Simplified Aeroengine Bearing Chamber Using a Fully Coupled Two-Way Eulerian Thin Film/Discrete Phase Approach Part I: Film Behavior Near the Bearing Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 143(10),
• NICOLI, A., JOHNSON, K. and JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., 2021. Simulation of a Simplified Aeroengine Bearing Chamber Using a Fully Coupled Two-Way Eulerian Thin Film/Discrete Phase Approach Part II: Droplet Behavior in the Chamber Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 143(10),
• JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R. J., 2020. Enhanced Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation for Cavities and Labyrinth Seals Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 142(1), 011017
• CHADHA, S., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R. and HUSSAIN, T., 2020. Modelling Knudsen number effects in suspension high velocity oxy fuel thermal spray: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 152,
• LEE, D. S., SHARABI, M., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., PICKERING, S. J., POLIAKOFF, M. and GEORGE, M. W., 2020. Scalable Continuous Vortex Reactor for Gram to Kilo Scale for UV and Visible Photochemistry: Organic Process Research and Development Organic Process Research and Development. 24(2), 201-206
• CHADHA, S., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R. and HUSSAIN, T., 2020. A high-fidelity simulation of the primary breakup within suspension high velocity oxy fuel thermal spray using a coupled volume of fluid and discrete phase model: International Journal of Multiphase Flow International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 133,
• BERTOLOTTI, L., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., AMBROSE, S. and KORSUKOVA, E., 2020. A comparison of VOF and euler-euler approaches in CFD modelling of two-phase flows with a sharp interface
• SINGH, K., SHARABI, M., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., AMBROSE, S., EASTWICK, C., CAO, J. and JACOBS, A., 2020. Modelling of partially wetting liquid film using an enhanced thin film model for aero-engine bearing chamber applications
• ZACHARZEWSKI, P. and JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., 2020. Implicit GPU accelerated numerical simulations via the use of ghost cell immersed boundary method
• CHADHA, S, JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R. and HUSSAIN, T., 2019. A Novel Numerical and Experimental Investigation into Radial Injection for Suspension High Velocity Oxy Fuel (SHVOF) Thermal Spray In: ITSC Conference Proceedings.
• NICOLI, A., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R and SIMMONS, K, 2019. A New openfoAM Solver Capable of Modelling oil Jet-Breakup and Subsequent film formation for Bearing Chamber Applications In: Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo, GT2019-90264.
• SINGH, K, SHARABI, M, AMBROSE, S, EASTWICK, C, JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R, CAO, J and JACOBS, A, 2019. Assessment of an Enhanced Thin film Model to Capture Wetting and Drying Behavior in an Aero-Engine Bearing Chamber In: Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo, GT2019-91323.
• SINGH, K, SHARABI, M, AMBROSE, S, EASTWICK, C and JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R, 2019. Prediction of Film Thickness of an Aeroengine Bearing chamber using Coupled VOF and Thin Film Model In: Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo, GT2019-91314.
• CHADHA, S, JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R and HUSSAIN, T, 2019. A Computational And Experimental Investigation Into Radial Injection For Suspension High Velocity Oxy Fuel (SHVOF) Thermal Spray Journal of Thermal Spray Technology.
• CHADHA, S., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., VENTURI, F. and HUSSAIN, T., 2019. A Computational and Experimental Investigation into Radial Injection for Suspension High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (SHVOF) Thermal Spray: Journal of Thermal Spray Technology Journal of Thermal Spray Technology.
• CHADHA, S., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R. and HUSSAIN, T., 2019. A novel numerical and experimental investigation into radial injection for suspension high velocity oxy fuel (SHVOF) thermal Spray
• NICOLI, A., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R. and SIMMONS, K., 2019. A new OpenFoam solver capable of modelling oil jet-breakup and subsequent film formation for bearing chamber applications
• BERTHOLD, M., MORVAN, H., YOUNG, C. and JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., 2018. Toward Investigation of External Oil Flow from a Journal Bearing in an Epicyclic Gearbox: Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 140(6),
• M. BERTHOLD, H. MORVAN, C. YOUNG, R. JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY and B. ROTHWELL, 2018. Multiphase CFD Modeling of External Oil Flow from a Journal Bearing In: In: ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition..
• R. J. JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, 2018. Hybrid RANS-LES for Turbomachinery In: In: ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition..
• J. P. ROUSE, P. ZACHARZEWSKI, C. J. HYDE, R. JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, A. MORRIS and S. T. KYAW, 2018. A case study investigation into the effects of spatially dependent convection coefficients on the fatigue response of a power plant header component International Journal of Fatigue. 113, 137-148
• BERTHOLD, M., MORVAN, H., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., ROTHWELL, B. C. and YOUNG, C., 2018. Multiphase cfd modeling of external oil flow from a journal bearing
• JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R. J., 2018. Hybrid rans-les for turbomachinery
• CHADHA, S., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R. and HUSSAIN, T., 2018. Effect of nozzle geometry on the gas dynamics and evaporation rates of Suspension High Velocity Oxy Fuel (SHVOF) thermal spray: A numerical investigation: Surface and Coatings Technology Surface and Coatings Technology.
• BERTHOLD, M., MORVAN, H., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., YOUNG, C., ROTHWELL, B. C. and AMBROSE, S., 2018. Multiphase computational fluid dynamics modeling of external oil flow from a journal bearing: Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 141(5),
• JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY R. J., 2017. Differential Equation-Based Specification of Turbulence Integral Length Scales for Cavity Flows Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 139(6),
• BERTHOLD, M., MORVAN, H, YOUNG, C and JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R, 2017. Towards Investigation of External Oil Flow From a Journal Bearing in an Epicyclic Gearbox In: ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition.
• ZACHARZEWSKI, P., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R. and MORVAN, H., 2017. SAS – SST simulations of the flow and heat transfer inside a square ribbed duct with artificial forcing In: Proceedings - XXIII International Symposium on Air Breathing Engines (ISABE) : September 3 - 8, 2017, Manchester, UK.
• J. P. ROUSE, P. ZACHARZEWSKI, C. J. HYDE, R. JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, A. MORRIS and S. T. KYAW, 2017. A case study investigation into the effects of spatially and temporally dependent convection coefficients on the fatigue response of a power plant header component In: IUTAM Symposium on Multi-scale fatigue, fracture and damage of materials in harsh environments.
• R. J. JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, 2016. Differential equation-based specification of turbulence integral length scales for cavity flows In: ASME Turbo Expo GT2016 Seoul.
• P. ZACHARZEWSKI, K. SIMMONS, R. J. JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY and L. CAPONE, 2016. Evaluation of the SST-SAS model for prediction of separated flow inside turbine internal cooling passages In: ASME Turbo Expo GT2016 Seoul.
• TYACKE, JAMES, TUCKER, PAUL, JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, RICHARD, VADLAMANI, NAGABUSHANA RAO, WATSON, ROBERT, NAQAVI, IFTEKHAR and YANG, XIAOYU, 2014. Large Eddy Simulation for Turbines: Methodologies, Cost and Future Outlooks JOURNAL OF TURBOMACHINERY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME. 136(6),
• V. N. RAO, R. JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, P. G. TUCKER and S. LARDEAU, 2014. Large eddy simulations in turbines: Influence of roughness and free-stream turbulence Flow, Turbulence and Combustion. 92(1-2), 543-561
• TYACKE, J., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R. and TUCKER, P. G., 2014. Erratum: On the application of les to seal geometries (Flow, Turbulence and Combustion (2014) 91:4 (827-848) DOI: 10.1007/s10494-013-9480-x): Flow, Turbulence and Combustion Flow, Turbulence and Combustion. 92(3), 803
• TYACKE J, JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY RJ, TUCKER PG, 2013. On the Application of LES to Seal Geometries Flow, Turbulence and Combustion.
• JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY RJ, NAGABHUSHANA RAO V, TYACKE JC, TUCKER PG, 2013. High Order DES, zonal LES and URANS of cavity and labyrinth seal flows International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids.
• JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY RJ, TUCKER PG, NAGABHUSHANA RAO V, NORTHALL JD, 2013. Differential equation specification of integral turbulence length scales Journal of Turbomachinery.
• NAGABHUSHANA RAO V, TUCKER PG, JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY RJ, COULL JD, 2013. Large Eddy Simulations of Low-pressure Turbines: Effect of Wakes at elevated Free-stream turbulence Journal of Turbomachinery.
• V. NAGABHUSHANA RAO, P. G. TUCKER, R. J. JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY AND J. D. COULL, 2013. Investigation of Wake Induced Transition in Low-Pressure Turbines Using Large Eddy Simulation In: ASME Turbo Expo GT2013 Texas.
• JAMES TYACKE, PAUL TUCKER, RICHARD JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, NAGABHUSHANA RAO VADLAMANI, ROBERT WATSON, IFTEKHAR NAQAVI AND XIAOYU YANG, 2013. LES for Turbines: Methodologies, Cost and Future Outlooks In: ASME Turbo Expo GT2013 Texas.
• JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, RICHARD J., RAO, V. NAGABHUSHANA, TYACKE, JAMES C. and TUCKER, PAUL G., 2013. High-order detached eddy simulation, zonal LES and URANS of cavity and labyrinth seal flows INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS. 73(9), 830-846
• PAUL G. TUCKER, R. JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, JAMES TYACKE and V. NAGABHUSHANA RAO, 2012. ZONAL RANS-LES MODELING FOR TURBINES IN AEROENGINES Computational Thermal Sciences.
• PAUL TUCKER, SIMON EASTWOOD, CHRISTIAN KLOSTERMEIER, RICHARD JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, JAMES TYACKE AND YAN LIU, 2012. Hybrid LES Approach for Practical Turbomachinery Flows—Part I: Hierarchy and Example Simulations ASME Journal of Turbomachinery.
• JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R.J., NAGABHUSHANA RAO, V., TYACKE, J.C., TUCKER, P.G., 2012. High-order DES and zonal LES of a labyrinth seal In: 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition.
• TYACKE, JAMES, JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, RICHARD and TUCKER, PAUL, 2012. ON LES METHODS APPLIED TO SEAL GEOMETRIES PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASME TURBO EXPO 2012, VOL 8, PTS A-C. 2053-2065
• JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, RICHARD, TUCKER, PAUL and NORTHALL, JOHN, 2012. IMPLEMENTATION AND ASSESSMENT OF AN ADVANCED PLENUM BOUNDARY CONDITION FOR TURBINE DESIGN CALCULATIONS PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASME TURBO EXPO 2012, VOL 8, PTS A-C. 1893-1901
• TYACKE JC, TUCKER PG, JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY RJ, NAGABHUSHANA RV, WATSON R, NAQAVI I, 2012. LES of aeroengine turbines In: ECCOMAS 2012 Congress, Austria.
• TUCKER PG, JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY RJ, TYACKE JC, NAGABHUSHANA RV,, 2012. Zonal RANS-LES Modelling for Turbines in Aeroengines In: CHTO-12, Bath UK.
• JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY RJ, TUCKER PG, NAGABHUSHANA RAO V, NORTHALL JD, 2012. Differential equation specification of integral turbulence length scales In: ASME Turbo Expo GT2012, Denmark.
• JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R. J. and TUCKER, P. G., 2011. Wall-Resolved LES and Zonal LES of Round Jet Impingement Heat Transfer on a Flat Plate NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER PART B-FUNDAMENTALS. 59(3), 190-208
• NAGABHUSHANA RV, JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY RJ, TUCKER PG, 2011. Prediction of Laminar Separation Bubble using URANS approach In: 19th UK Conference of the Association for Computational Mechanics in Engineering, Edinburgh.
• TYACKE J, JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY RJ, TUCKER PG, 2011. Application of LES to labyrinth seals In: 20th AIAA Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference, Hawaii.
• JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY RJ, TUCKER PG, 2010. LES of impingement heat transfer on a concave surface Numerical Heat Transfer.
• TUCKER, PAUL, EASTWOOD, SIMON, KLOSTERMEIER, CHRISTIAN, JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, RICHARD, TYACKE, JAMES and LIU, YAN, 2010. HYBRID LES APPROACH FOR PRACTICAL TURBOMACHINERY FLOWS: PART 1-HIERARCHY AND EXAMPLE SIMULATIONS PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASME TURBO EXPO 2010: TURBOMACHINERY: AXIAL FLOW FAN AND COMPRESSOR AERODYNAMICS DESIGN METHODS, AND CFD MODELING FOR TURBOMACHINERY, VOL 7, PTS A-C. 997-1009
• TIMMERMAN, BRENDA H., SKEEN, ANDREW J., BRYANSTON-CROSS, PETER J., TUCKER, P. G., JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R. J., PADUANO, JAMES and GUENETTE, G. R., JR., 2008. High-speed digital visualization and high-frequency automated shock tracking in supersonic flows OPTICAL ENGINEERING. 47(10),
• TUCKER PG, EASTWOOD S, XIA H, JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY RJ, 2008. Exploring the LES model's role with jet noise in mind In: 46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, Nevada USA.
• TUCKER, P.G.ACD, COUPLAND, J.BDE, EASTWOOD, S.ACD, XIA, H.AF, LIU, Y.AG, JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R.J.AC, HASSAN, O.ACD, 2006. Contrasting code performances for computational aeroacoustics of jets In: 12th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Massachusetts USA.
• TUCKER, P.ABC, EASTWOOD, S.ABC, LIU, Y.AB, JEFFERSON-LOVEDAY, R., 2005. Computational modeling of jets with coflow In: Collection of Technical Papers - 11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference.