| Haematology and Coagulopathy | Clinical Chemistry & Liver Function Tests | ||||
| Test | Normal Values | 18:30 | ||
HB Haemoglobin (Hb)Haemoglobin (Hb) identifies the amount of haemoglobin in the circulating red blood cells which helps to indicate the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.'s Hb levels are below normal range indicating low levels so a reduced potential for oxygen delivery to tissues. |
11.5 - 16.5 g/dL | 10.0 | ||
| PlateletsPlateletsPlatelets (thrombocytes) are used in the clotting process clumping together to form a plug, helping to stop a bleed - homeostasis. Once activated in the clotting process, they release phospholipids which further activate elements of the coagulation cascade. |
150 - 450 x 10-9/L | 120 | ||
| WBCWhite Blood Cell (WBC)A WBC test counts the total number of white blood cells. However, there are different types which respond to different infections and inflammation – Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes and Lymphocytes. 's WBC is raised indicating the body is responding to a problem, possibly infection. |
4.0 - 11.0 x 10-9/L | 14 | ||
| MCVMean Cell Volume (MCV)Mean Cell Volume (MCV) measures the average volume of red blood cells in the sample. It is calculated by dividing the total volume of packed red blood cells (Haematocrit) by the total number of red blood cells and multiplied by 10. The packed RBC total is identified by spinning the cells in a centrifuge. 's MCV is normal but is at the lower end of the range. |
84 - 102 fL | 85 | ||
| NeutrophilsNeutrophilsNeutrophils are a type of white blood cell (leucocytes) which are usually the first to arrive at a site of inflammation, they help to clear the area using phagocytosis – measured as part of the white blood cell differential together with the other types of leucocyte. 's levels of neutrophils are raised indicating an infection occurring. |
2.0 - 7.5 x 10-9/L | 9.0 | ||
| ESRErythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) tests for inflammatory and necrotic conditions. It measures the rate of fall of red blood cells in the test tube. A quicker fall in the erythrocyte results in an increased ESR value. was not tested. |
1 - 20 | |||
| APTT RatioActivated Partial Thromboplastin Time Ratio (APPTr)Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time ratio (APTTr) is a measure of how well blood is able to clot effectively. It is used to assess the effectiveness of anticoagulants (e.g. heparin). 's result is high. |
0.85 - 1.14 | 1.4 | ||
| INRInternational Normalised Ratio (INR)International Normalised Ratio (INR) standardises the prothrombin time results as different manufacturers of the equipment used mean that results can vary. It is used to measure the effectiveness of treatment for patients who are on anti-coagulant therapy. 's result is high which would indicate a higher risk of bleeding. |
0.8 - 1.2 | 1.6 | ||
| Prothrombin TimeProthrombin Time (PT)Prothrombin Time (PT) is the time taken for blood plasma to clot after the addition of a tissue factor (in the lab). It measures the quality of the 'extrinsic and common clotting pathways' in the clotting cascade. 's result is high indicating that the time taken for her blood to clot is extending beyond the normal range expected. |
9.0 - 12.0 sec's | 14 | ||
| APTTActivated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) investigates unexplained bleeding or clotting looking at the different levels of some of the clotting factors in the clotting cascade. Usually performed with a Prothrombin Time. 's result is high which may be due to a variety of causes where the ability of the blood to clot effectively is lowered. So, specific clotting factors in the clotting cascade may be low either due to low levels initially or the factors may be being used up too quickly as part of her illness. |
25.0 - 31.0 sec's | 40 | ||
| Thrombin TimeThrombin Time (TT)Thrombin Time (TT) is requested as part of the coagulation screen to investigate bleeding disorders. 's result is high which indicates low levels of fibrinogen to support the clotting cascade. |
13.0 - 19.0 sec's | 21 | ||
| D-DimerD-DimerThis test helps to diagnoses diseases where there is an inability of the blood to clot appropriately (e.g. in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)). 's result is high. Levels of D-Dimer can be higher (and normal) in elderly patients particularly if the person has rheumatoid arthritis. It is therefore difficult to definitively say that 's high level is not normal, but it is far more likely it is indicative of her having a problem with her blood clotting effectively. |
0 - 250 µg/L | 200 | ||
| FibrinogenFibrinogenFibrinogen is part of the wider coagulation screening and is usually a follow-up test following an abnormal Prothrombin Time or APTT result. did not have her fibrinogen levels tested at this time. |
1.8 - 4.0 g/L | |||
Blood Results for - Serial Results
