Stephanie Allen

Contact

• workRoom C06 Boots Science Building
  University Park
  Nottingham
  NG7 2RD
  UK
• work0115 9515050
• fax0115 9515110
• stephanie.allen@nottingham.ac.uk

Biography

After graduating from the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Nottingham (July 1993, Pharmacy - first class honours), I returned to the School for postgraduate study (October 1994). Supervised by Professor's M.C. Davies, S.J.B. Tendler, and Dr C.J. Roberts, my Ph.D studies aimed to develop methods for the measurement of single antigen-antibody interactions using atomic force microscopy. These studies helped pioneer the field of single biomolecule force spectroscopy in the UK, and we were amongst the first research groups, internationally, to publish research in this area. At the post-doctoral level (October 1997-Dec 1998) I was able to further develop this area of research for the spatial mapping of biomolecular interactions on immunoassay substrates, and for preliminary investigations of more complex biomolecular systems, including polymeric systems for tissue-engineering/drug-delivery. With fellow researchers I also developed our own instrumentation for high-resolution force measurement as commercial instruments for such experiments were not then available. This research enabled me to secure the 'Pfizer Lectureship in Pharmaceutical Sciences' post in the School of Pharmacy (from Jan 1999). I was promoted to Associate Professor and Reader in 2006 and to Professor of Pharmaceutical Biophysics in August 2016. Based within the multidisciplinary Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation (MTF) research division, I currently lead the experimental single molecule biophysics research area.

My research is driven by a desire to understand how biological processes work to the molecular level. I have a particular focus in exploring how this can be exploited for the development of new therapeutic approaches or new materials/devices for use within the pharmaceutical and healthcare sector (my industrial collaborators include/have included AstraZeneca, MedImmune, Novozymes, Janssen, Pfizer and Boots). My work involves the application and development of a range of advanced biophysical tools, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical tweezers, supported by more established approaches that include surface plasmon resonance (SPR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), rheology, size-exclusion chromatography and fluorescence spectroscopy.

Honours & Distinctions

Fellow of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society (from 2018)

Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (FHEA) (Recognised 2016)

GPhC registered Pharmacist (From Jan 2010 (since GPhC established))

Glaxo-SmithKline International Achievement Award 2003 (Joint winner)

Member of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society (1994-2018)

Teaching Summary

I am Director of Teaching and Learning (DoTL) within the School of Pharmacy. Since becoming DoTL (2012), I have overseen the implementation of our new clinically integrated Pharmacy (MPharm) degree… read more

Research Summary

My research is driven by a desire to understand how biological processes work to the molecular level. I have a particular focus in exploring how this can be exploited for the development of new… read more

Recent Publications

• MAKWANA H, MASTROTTO F, MAGNUSSON JP, SLEEP D, HAY J, NICHOLLS KJ, ALLEN S and ALEXANDER C, 2017. Engineered Polymer-Transferrin Conjugates as Self-Assembling Targeted Drug Delivery Systems. Biomacromolecules. 18(5), 1532-1543
• GONCALVES, ANDREA D., ALEXANDER, CAMERON, ROBERTS, CLIVE J., SPAIN, SEBASTIAN G., UDDIN, SHAHID and ALLEN, STEPHANIE, 2016. The effect of protein concentration on the viscosity of a recombinant albumin solution formulation RSC ADVANCES. 6(18), 15143-15154
• KIRKHAM GR, BRITCHFORD E, UPTON T, WARE J, GIBSON GM, DEVAUD Y, EHRBAR M, PADGETT M, ALLEN S, BUTTERY LD and SHAKESHEFF K, 2015. Precision Assembly of Complex Cellular Microenvironments using Holographic Optical Tweezers. Scientific reports. 5, 8577
• BEECH, K. E., BIDDLECOMBE, J. G., VAN DER WALLE, C. F., STEVENS, L. A., RIGBY, S. P., BURLEY, J. C. and ALLEN, S., 2015. Insights into the influence of the cooling profile on the reconstitution times of amorphous lyophilized protein formulations: European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 96, 247-254

• View all publications

I am Director of Teaching and Learning (DoTL) within the School of Pharmacy. Since becoming DoTL (2012), I have overseen the implementation of our new clinically integrated Pharmacy (MPharm) degree (launched Sept 2012 in UNUK and UNMC (2+2 version)), requiring careful management of the transition between the old and new curricula. The first cohort from this new 4 year MPharm graduated in 2016. I also have led several additional educational innovations including the launch of the UK's first 5 year MPharm degree, which integrates the mandatory clinical pre-registration element (shortlisted for a 2014 Guardian University award (Teaching Excellence Category)) and the establishment of the first UK-China joint Pharmacy course with Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TUTCM) (shortlisted for a 2017 Times Higher Education Award (International Collaboration of the Year)). 33 students commenced this latter course in Sept 2015, with 28 joining us in Nottingham in Sept 2017 to complete their BSc International Pharmacy studies. The first cohort of students graduated from the 5 Year MPharm in July 2017, and from the BSc International Pharmacy in July 2019.

Other courses launched during my DoTL tenure include our MSc Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Sciences (launched Sept 2012 and accredited by the RSC in 2017) and a MSci Pharmaceutical Sciences (launched Sept 2017); a 2 year version of our MSc Drug Discovery was also launched in Sept 2018. Since 2016 we have also run a 3 week summer school for students from TUTCM (student numbers have increased each year from 40 in 2016 to 60 in 2019).

Through our curriculum initiatives, I have made a leading and strategic contribution to maintaining the School's reputation as a pioneer in Pharmacy education. The quality of our Pharmacy education is clearly evident in current league table and NSS performances (8^th in the 2019 QS World Rankings; 94% 'Overall Satisfaction' NSS Score in 2019). The General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) have also recognized the high quality of both our new MPharm curricula; our accreditation status for both remains at the highest level (no conditions or recommendations) and the 5 year version was the first of its kind in the UK to gain full accreditation status (in 2017)).

Current Research

My research is driven by a desire to understand how biological processes work to the molecular level. I have a particular focus in exploring how this can be exploited for the development of new therapeutic approaches or new materials/devices for use within the pharmaceutical and healthcare sector (my industrial collaborators include/have included AstraZeneca, MedImmune, Novozymes, Janssen, Pfizer and Boots). My work involves the application and development of a range of advanced biophysical tools, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical tweezers, supported by more established approaches that include surface plasmon resonance (SPR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), rheology, size-exclusion chromatography and fluorescence spectroscopy.

My research activities have resulted in over 100 peer-reviewed research articles in international scientific journals, and many invitations (national and international) to present at conferences and give seminars at academic institutions including the Universities of Cambridge, Oxford, California Institute of Technology (CalTech)) and University of Munich.

Supervision and Collaborative Studies: I have supervised more than 50 PhD students to the completion of their studies; 21 as principal supervisor (PI) and 29 as co-supervisor (CI). Through externally funded research projects (ca. £9M total; £2.2M (PI), £6.8M (CI)) I have also supervised/managed more than 15 postdoctoral members of staff.

External Committees and Panels: Recent appointments include as a member of the BBSRC ALERT equipment panels (2013, 2014 and 2018) and a member of the BBSRC Exploring New Ways of Working portfolio analysis group (since 2012). Through active membership of the BBSRC's Bioprocessing Research Industry Club (BRIC), I was elected as an initial member of the management board for the BioProNET, bioprocessing network (a BBSRC NIBB (Network in Industrial Biotechnology and Bioenergy), co-sponsored by the EPSRC). As an initial member I was involved in writing the application to fund this project (£1.3M PI Mark Smales (Kent)) and I was a member of the management board until Autumn 2016. Within the American Vacuum Society (AVS), the premier international society for Surface and Interface Science, I was an elected executive committee member of the Biomaterial Interfaces Division (BID) (2015-2017) and was the BID Program-Chair for the 2016 International Symposium (AVS 63 Nashville). I am currently a member of the Royal Microscopy Society's Scanning Probe Microscopy Section Committee (from 2016).

• MAKWANA H, MASTROTTO F, MAGNUSSON JP, SLEEP D, HAY J, NICHOLLS KJ, ALLEN S and ALEXANDER C, 2017. Engineered Polymer-Transferrin Conjugates as Self-Assembling Targeted Drug Delivery Systems. Biomacromolecules. 18(5), 1532-1543
• GONCALVES, ANDREA D., ALEXANDER, CAMERON, ROBERTS, CLIVE J., SPAIN, SEBASTIAN G., UDDIN, SHAHID and ALLEN, STEPHANIE, 2016. The effect of protein concentration on the viscosity of a recombinant albumin solution formulation RSC ADVANCES. 6(18), 15143-15154
• KIRKHAM GR, BRITCHFORD E, UPTON T, WARE J, GIBSON GM, DEVAUD Y, EHRBAR M, PADGETT M, ALLEN S, BUTTERY LD and SHAKESHEFF K, 2015. Precision Assembly of Complex Cellular Microenvironments using Holographic Optical Tweezers. Scientific reports. 5, 8577
• BEECH, K. E., BIDDLECOMBE, J. G., VAN DER WALLE, C. F., STEVENS, L. A., RIGBY, S. P., BURLEY, J. C. and ALLEN, S., 2015. Insights into the influence of the cooling profile on the reconstitution times of amorphous lyophilized protein formulations: European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 96, 247-254
• SHAUN C. WALKER, STEPHANIE ALLEN, GORDON BELL and CLIVE J. ROBERTS, 2015. Analysis of leaf surfaces using scanning ion conductance microscopy Journal of Microscopy. 258(2), 119-126
• LOCZENSKI ROSE, VANESSA, SHUBBER, SAIF, SAJEESH, S, SPAIN, SEBASTIAN G, PURI, SANYOGITTA, ALLEN, STEPHANIE, LEE, DONG-KI, WINKLER, G SEBASTIAAN and MANTOVANI, GIUSEPPE, 2015. Phosphonium Polymethacrylates for Short Interfering RNA Delivery: Effect of Polymer and RNA Structural Parameters on Polyplex Assembly and Gene Knockdown. Biomacromolecules. 16(11), 3480-90
• KOROLKOV VV, SVATEK SA, ALLEN S, ROBERTS CJ, TENDLER SJB, TANIGUCHI T, WATANABE K, CHAMPNESS NR and BETON PH, 2014. Bimolecular porous supramolecular networks deposited from solution on layered materials: graphite, boron nitride and molybdenum disulphide. Chemical communications (Cambridge, England). 50(64), 8882-5
• KOROLKOV VV, ALLEN S, ROBERTS CJ, GOZES I and TENDLER SJB, 2014. Study of NAP adsorption and assembly on the surface of HOPG. Peptides. 62, 55-58
• SEDMAN, VL, CHEN, X., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, CJ, KOROLKOV, VV and TENDLER, SJB, 2013. Tuning the mechanical properties of self-assembled mixed-peptide tubes Journal of microscopy. 249(3), 165-172
• YAŞAYAN G, MAGNUSSON JP, SICILIA G, SPAIN SG, ALLEN S, DAVIES MC and ALEXANDER C, 2013. Multi-modal switching in responsive DNA block co-polymer conjugates. Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP. 15(38), 16263-74
• KOROLKOV, V.V., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C.J. and TENDLER, S.J. B., 2013. Surface mediated L-phenylalanyl-L-phenylalanine assembly into large dendritic structures Faraday Discussions. 166, 257-267
• SOLIMAN, M., NASANIT, R., ABULATEEFEH, S.R., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., BRIGGS, S.S., SEYMOUR, L.W., PREECE, J.A., GRABOWSKA, A.M., WATSON, S.A. and ALEXANDER, C., 2012. Multicomponent synthetic polymers with viral-mimetic chemistry for nucleic acid delivery Molecular Pharmaceutics. 9(1), 1-13
• KIM, D., CHUNG, N., ALLEN, S., TENDLER, S.J.B. and PARK, J.W., 2012. Ferritin-based new magnetic force microscopic probe detecting 10 nm sized magnetic nanoparticles ACS Nano. 6(1), 241-248
• YASAYAN, GOKCEN, REDHEAD, MARTIN, MAGNUSSON, JOHANNES P., SPAIN, SEBASTIAN G., ALLEN, STEPHANIE, DAVIES, MARTYN, ALEXANDER, CAMERON and FERNANDEZ-TRILLO, FRANCISCO, 2012. Well-defined polymeric vesicles with high stability and modulation of cell uptake by a simple coating protocol Polymer Chemistry. 3, 2596-2604
• DONG Y, LARSON I, BARNES TJ, PRESTIDGE CA, ALLEN S, CHEN X, ROBERTS CJ and BOYD BJ, 2012. Understanding the interfacial properties of nanostructured liquid crystalline materials for surface-specific delivery applications. Langmuir : the acs journal of surfaces and colloids. 28(37), 13485-95
• KOROLKOV VV, MULLIN N, ALLEN S, ROBERTS CJ, HOBBS JK and TENDLER SJB, 2012. The structure and formation of hydrogen-bonded molecular networks on au(111) surfaces revealed by scanning tunnelling and torsional-tapping atomic force microscopy. Physical chemistry chemical physics : pccp. 14(45), 15909-15916
• KOROLKOV, V.V., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C.J. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2012. Green chemistry approach to surface decoration: trimesic acid self-assembly on HOPG Journal of Physical Chemistry. C. 116(21), 11519-11525
• YASAYAN, G., SAEED, A., FERNANDEZ-TRILLO, F., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., JANGHER, A., PAUL, A., THURECHT, K.J., KING, S.M., SCHWEINS, R., GRIFFITHS, P.C., MAGNUSSON J.P. and ALEXANDER, C., 2011. Responsive hybrid block co-polymer conjugates of proteins-controlled architecture to modulate substrate specificity and solution behaviour POLYMER CHEMISTRY. VOL 2(NUMBER 7), 1567-1578
• SEDMAN, VICTORIA L, KASOTAKIS, EMMANOUIL, CHEN, XINYONG, ALLEN, STEPHANIE, ROBERTS, CLIVE J, MITRAKI, ANNA and TENDLER, SAUL J B, 2011. Surface-templated fibril growth of peptide fragments from the shaft domain of the adenovirus fibre protein. Protein and peptide letters. 18(3), 268-74
• BRAMPTON, C., WAHAB, O., BATCHELOR, M.R., ALLEN, S. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2011. Biomembrane force probe investigation of RNA dissociation European Biophysics Journal. 40(3), 247-257
• LANNIEL, M., LU, B., CHEN, Y., ALLEN, S., BUTTERY, L., WILLIAMS, P., HUQ, E. and ALEXANDER, M., 2011. Patterning the mechanical properties of hydrogen silsesquioxane films using electron beam irradiation for application in mechano cell guidance THIN SOLID FILMS. VOL 519(NUMBER 6), 2003-2010
• LANNIEL, M., HUQ, E., ALLEN, S., BUTTERY, L., WILLIAMS, P.M. and ALEXANDER, M.R., 2011. Substrate induced differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on hydrogels with modified surface chemistry and controlled modulus Soft Matter. 7(14), 6501-6514
• KOROLKOV, V.V., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C.J. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2011. High-temperature adsorption of p-terphenylthiol on Au(111) surfaces Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 115(30), 14899-14906
• SOLIMAN, MAHMOUD, ALLEN, STEPHANIE, DAVIES, MARTYN C and ALEXANDER, CAMERON, 2010. Responsive polyelectrolyte complexes for triggered release of nucleic acid therapeutics. Chemical Communications. 46(30), 5421-33
• SOLIMAN, M., NASANIT, R., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., BRIGGS, S.S., SEYMOUR, L.W., PREECE, J.A. and ALEXANDER, C., 2010. Interaction of reducible polypeptide gene delivery vectors with supported lipid bilayers: pore formation and structure–function relationships Soft Matter. 6(11), 2517-2524
• COSGRIFF, S., CHINTAKAYALA, K., CHIM, Y.T.A., CHEN, X., ALLEN, S., LOVERING, A.L. and GRAINGER, D.C., 2010. Dimerization and DNA-dependent aggregation of the Escherichia coli nucleoid protein and chaperone CbpA Molecular Microbiology. 77(5), 1289-1300
• SEDMAN, V.L., ALLEN, S., CHEN, X., ROBERTS, C.J. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2009. Thermomechanical manipulation of aromatic peptide nanotubes Langmuir. 25(13), 7256-7259
• KIM, I.H., LEE, H.Y., LEE, H.D., JUNG, Y.J., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M., ALLEN, S., RYU, S.H. and PARK, J.W., 2009. Interactions between signal transducing proteins measured by atomic force microscopy Analytical Chemistry. 81(9), 3276-3284
• INNGJERDINGEN, M., INNGJERDINGEN, K.T., PATEL, T.R., ALLEN, S., CHEN, X., ROLSTAD, B., MORRIS, G.A., HARDING, S.E., MICHAELSEN, T.E., DIALLO, D. and PAULSEN, B., 2008. Pectic polysaccharides from Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch, and their activation of macrophages and dendritic cells. Glycobiology. 18, 1074-184
• NASANIT, RUJIKAN, IQBAL, PARVEZ, SOLIMAN, MAHMOUD, SPENCER, NEIL, ALLEN, STEPHANIE, DAVIES, MARTYN C, BRIGGS, SIMON S, SEYMOUR, LEONARD W, PREECE, JON A and ALEXANDER, CAMERON, 2008. Combination dual responsive polypeptide vectors for enhanced gene delivery. Molecular BioSystems. 4(7), 741-5
• ZHANG, W., MACHÓN, C., ORTA, A., PHILLIPS, N., ROBERTS, C.J., ALLEN, S. and SOULTANAS, P., 2008. Single molecule atomic force spectroscopy reveals that DnaD forms scaffolds and enhances duplex melting Journal of Molecular Biology. 377(3), 706-714
• TSAPIKOUNI, T.S., ALLEN, S., MISSIRLIS, Y.F. and YANNIS, F., 2008. Measurement of interaction forces between fibrinogen coated probes and mica surface with the atomic force microscope: The pH and ionic strength effect Biointerphases. 3(1), 1-8
• HERNANDEZ-RAMON, E.E., BURNS, J.E., ZHANG, W., WALKER, H.F., ALLEN, S., ANTSON, A.A. and MAITLAND, N.J., 2008. Dimerization of the human papillomavirus type 16 E2 N terminus results in DNA looping within the upstream regulatory region Journal of Virology. 82(10), 4853-4861
• INNGJERDINGEN, K.T., PATEL, T., CHEN, X., KENNE, L., ALLEN, S., MORRIS, G.A., HARDING, S.E., MATSUMOTO, T., DIALLO, D., YAMADA, H., MICHAELSEN, T.E., INNGJERDINGEN, M. and PAULSEN, B.S., 2007. Immunological and structural properties of a pectic polymer from Glinus oppositifolius. Glycobiology. 17, 1299-1310
• YUNG, Y.J., HONG, B.J., ZHANG, W., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M., ALLEN, S. and PARK, J.W., 2007. Dendron arrays for the force-based detection of DNA hybridization events Journal of the American Chemical Society. 129(30), 9349-9355
• HILL, R.J.A., SEDMAN, V.L., ALLEN, S., WILLIAMS, P.M., PAOLI, M., ADLER-ABRAMOVICH, L., GAZIT, E, EAVES, L. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2007. Alignment of aromatic peptide tubes in strong magnetic fields Advanced Materials. 19(24), 4474-4479
• NIU, L., CHEN, X., ALLEN, S. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2007. Using the Bending Beam Model to Estimate the Elasticity of Diphenylalanine Nanotubes Langmuir. 23(14), 7443-7446
• ZHANG, W., DILLINGHAM, M.S., THOMAS, C.D., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C.J. and SOULTANAS, P., 2007. Directional loading of the PcrA helicase at the plasmid replication origin oriD by RepD, and unwinding of a plasmid. Journal of Molecular Biology. 371(2), 336-348
• ELLIS, J. S., ALLEN, S., CHIM, Y. T. A., ROBERTS, C. J., TENDLER, S. J. B. and DAVIES, M. C., 2006. Molecular-Scale Studies on Biopolymers Using Atomic Force Microscopy Advances in Polymer Science. VOL 193, 123-172
• SEDMAN, V.L., ADLER-ABRAMOVICH, L., ALLEN, S., GAZIT, E. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2006. Direct observation of the release of phenylalanine from diphenylalanine nanotubes Journal of the American Chemical Society. 128(21), 6903-6908
• ADLER-ABRAMOVICH, L., RECHES, M., SEDMAN, V.L., ALLEN, S., TENDLER, S.J.B. and GAZIT, E., 2006. Thermal and chemical stability of diphenylalanine peptide nanotubes: implications for nanotechnological applications Langmuir. 22(3), 1313-1320
• PORTOLES, J.F., CUMPSON, P.J., HEDLEY, J., ALLEN, S., WILLIMAS, P.M. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2006. Accurate velocity measurements of AFM-cantilever vibrations by Doppler interferometry Journal of Experimental Nanoscience. VOL 1(NUMB 1), 51-62
• CARNEIRO, M.J.V.M., ZHANG, W., IOANNOU, C., SCOTT, D.J., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C.J. and SOULTANAS, P., 2006. The DNA-remodelling activity of DnaD is the sum of oligomerization and DNA-binding activities on separate domains Molecular Microbiology. 60(4), 917-924
• ZHANG, W., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C. J. and SOULTANAS, P., 2006. The Bacillus subtilis Primosomal Protein DnaD Untwists Supercoiled DNA Journal of Bacteriology. VOL 188(NUMB 15), 5487-5493
• RIGBY-SINGLETON, S.M., DAVIES, M.C., HARRIS, H., O'SHEA, P. and ALLEN, S., 2006. Visualizing the solubilization of supported lipid bilayers by an amphiphilic peptide Langmuir. 22(14), 6273-6279
• TESSMER, I., MOORE, T., LLOYD, R.G., WILSON, A., ERIE, D.A., ALLEN, S. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2005. AFM studies on the role of the protein RdgC in bacterial DNA recombination Journal of Molecular Biology. 350(2), 254-262
• STEVENS, M.M., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., SAKATA, J.K., TENDLER, S.J.B., TIRRELL, D.A. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2005. Molecular level investigations of the inter- and intramolecular interactions of pH-responsive artificial triblock proteins Biomacromolecules. 6(3), 1266-1271
• SEDMAN, V.L., ALLEN, S., CHAN, W.C., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2005. Atomic force microscopy study of human amylin (20-29) fibrils Protein and Peptide Letters. 12(1), 79-83
• ZHANG, W., CARNEIRO, M.J.V.M., TURNER, I.J., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C.J. and SOULTANAS, P., 2005. The Bacillus subtilis DnaD and DnaB proteins exhibit different DNA remodelling activities Journal of Molecular Biology. 351(1), 66-75
• ZHANG, W., BARBAGALLO, R., MADDEN, C., ROBERTS, C. J., WOOLFORD, A. and ALLEN, S., 2005. Progressing single biomolecule force spectroscopy measurements for the screening of DNA binding agents Nanotechnology. VOL 16(NUMB 10), 2325-2333
• SEDMAN, V.L., ALLEN, S., CHAN, W.C., KELLAM, B. and TENDLER S.J.B., 2005. Functionalizing human amylin (20-29) fibrils FEBS Journal. 272, 517-518
• MOODY, J., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C.J. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2005. The study and patterning of protein based molecular motors Biophysical Journal. 88, 503A - 503A
• TURNER, I.J., ROBERTS, C.J., ALLEN, S and SOULTANAS, P., 2005. Atomic force microscopy: Molecular structural studies of critical interactions in the Bacillus replisome In: BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL 88 (1), Part 2 Suppl. S.
• WAHAB, O.M., WILLIAMS, P.M., ALLEN, S. and KOOL, E., 2005. Observed cooperativity in the forced unfolding of the catalytic subunit of the hammerhead ribozyme Biophysical Journal. 88(1), 573A-573A
• ABDELHADY, H.G., ALLEN, S., EBBENS, S.J., MADDEN, C., PATEL, N., ROBERTS, C.J. and ZHANG, J., 2005. Towards nanoscale metrology for biomolecular imaging by atomic force microscopy Nanotechnology. 16, 966-973
• GREEN, N.H., WILLIAMS, P.M., WAHAB, O., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and ALLEN, S., 2004. Single-molecule investigations of RNA dissociation. Biophysical Journal. 86(6), 3811-3821
• PATEL, A.B., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2004. Influence of architecture on the kinetic stability of molecular assemblies Journal of the American Chemical Society. 126(5), 1318-1319
• HOOTON, J.C., GERMAN, C.S., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2004. An atomic force microscopy study of the effect of nanoscale contact geometry and surface chemistry on the adhesion of pharmaceutical particles Pharmaceutical Research. 21(6), 953-961
• ABDELHADY, H.G., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2004. Atomic force microscopy studies of generation 4 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers on functionalized surfaces Surface Science. 558(1-3), 99-110
• STEVENS, M.M., ALLEN, S., SAKATA, J.K., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B., TIRRELL, D.A. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2004. pH-dependent behavior of surface-immobilized artificial leucine zipper proteins Langmuir. 20(18), 7747-7752
• THIRLWAY, J., TURNER, I.J., GIBSON, C.T., GARDINER, L., BRADY, K., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C.J. and SOULTANAS, P., 2004. DnaG interacts with a linker region that joins the N- and C-domains of DnaB and induces the formation of 3-fold symmetric rings Nucleic Acids Research. 32(10), 2977-2986
• TURNER, I. J., SCOTT, D. J., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C. J. and SOULTANAS, P., 2004. The Bacillus subtilis DnaD protein: a putative link between DNA remodeling and initiation of DNA replication FEBS Letters. VOL 577(NUMBER 3), 460-464
• HARONITI, A., ANDERSON, C., DODDRIDGE, Z., GARDINER, L., ROBERTS, C. J., ALLEN, S. and SOULTANAS, P., 2004. The Clamp-loader-Helicase Interaction in Bacillus. Atomic Force Microscopy Reveals the Structural Organisation of the DnaB-t Complex in Bacillus Journal of Molecular Biology. VOL 336(NUMBER 2), 381-393
• SEARLS, T., CHEN, X., ALLEN, S. and YUDKIN, M. D., 2004. Evaluation of the Kinetic Properties of the Sporulation Protein SpoIIE of Bacillus subtilis by Inclusion in a Model Membrane Journal of Bacteriology. VOL 186(PART 10), 3195-3201
• CUMPSON, P. J., HEDLEY, J., CLIFFORD, C. A., CHEN, X. and ALLEN, S., 2004. Microelectromechanical system device for calibration of atomic force microscope cantilever spring constants between 0.01 and 4 N/m Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology. Part A Vacuum, Surfaces and Films. VOL 22(PART 4), 1444-1449
• HOOTON, J.C., GERMAN, C.S., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2003. Characterization of particle-interactions by atomic force microscopy: effect of contact area Pharmaceutical Research. 20(3), 508-514
• ABDELHADY, H.G., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2003. Direct real-time molecular scale visualisation of the degradation of condensed DNA complexes exposed to DNase I. Nucleic Acids Research. 31(14), 4001-4005
• ROSSELL, J.P., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2003. Electrostatic interactions observed when imaging proteins with the atomic force microscope Ultramicroscopy. 96(1), 37-46
• WILDE, L.M., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M. and ROBERTS, C.J., 2003. Bifunctional atomic force microscopy probes for molecular screening applications Analytica Chimica Acta. 479(1), 77-85
• ALLEN, S., RIGBY-SINGLETON, S.M., HARRIS, H., DAVIES, M.C. and O SHEA, P., 2003. Measuring and visualizing single molecular interactions in biology Biochemical Society Transactions. 31(5), 1052-1057
• TESSMER, I., BAUMANN, C.G., SKINNER, G.M., MOLLOY, J.E., HOGGETT, J.G., TENDLER, S.J.B. and ALLEN, S., 2003. Mode of drug binding to DNA determined by optical tweezers force spectroscopy Journal of Modern Optics. VOL 50(PART 10), 1627-1636
• PATEL, A.B., WILLIAMS, P.M., ALLEN, S., TENDLER, S.J.B., ROBERTS, C.J. and DAVIES, M.C., 2003. Dynamic force spectroscopy; a physical approach to lead compound optimisation? Biophysical Journal. 84(2), 475A-475A
• HOOTON, J.C., GERMAN, C.S., ROBERTS, C.J., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2003. Estimation of inter-particulate contact area and geometry between individual particles in pharmaceutical aerosols Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society: 226th ACS National Meeting. 226(1-2), COLL 134
• ROBERTS, C.J., DAVIES, M.C., ALLEN, S., WILLIAMS, P.M. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2003. Scanning probe microscopy of biomolecular systems and pharmaceutical materials: The fate of DNA-dendrimer complexes exposed to degradation enzymes Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 225, U608-U608
• ABDELHADY, H.G., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C.J., DAVIES, M.C., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2003. Atomic force microscopy investigations of the effect of DNase I on DNA-PAMAM dendrimer complexes Biophysical Journal. 84(2), 417A-417A
• ROBERTS, C.J., DAVIES, M.C., ALLEN, S., WILLIAMS, P.M. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2003. Scanning probe microscopy of biomolecular systems and pharmaceutical materials: The fate of DNA-dendrimer complexes exposed to degradation enzymes Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society: 225th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society. 225(1-2), COLL 10
• RIGBY-SINGLETON, S.M., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2002. Direct measurement of drug-enzyme interactions by atomic force microscopy; dihydrofolate reductase and methotrexate Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkin Transactions 2. 10, 1722-1727
• STEVENS, M.M., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., SCHACHT, E., TENDLER, S.J.B., VANSTEENKISTE, S. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2002. The development, characterization, and demonstration of a versatile immobilization strategy for biomolecular force measurements Langmuir. 18(17), 6659 -6665
• CONNELL, S.D.A., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C.J., DAVIES, J., DAVIES, M.C., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2002. Investigating the interfacial properties of single-liquid nanodroplets by atomic force microscopy Langmuir. 18(5), 1719-1728
• BOND, L., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., SHIVJI, A.P., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M. and ZHANG, J., 2002. Differential scanning calorimetry and scanning thermal microscopy analysis of pharmaceutical materials International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 243(1-2), 71-82
• GREEN, N.H., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2002. Force sensing and mapping by atomic force microscopy Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 21(1), 65-74
• KRAUTBAUER, R., POPE, L.H., SCHRADER, T.E., ALLEN, S. and GAUB, H.E., 2002. Discriminating small molecule DNA binding modes by single molecule force spectroscopy FEBS Letters. 510(3), 154-158
• WILLIAMS, P.M., PATEL, A., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and DAVIES, M.C., 2002. Dynamic force spectroscopy for drug design Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 224(1-2), COLL 64
• KRAUTBAUER, R., FISCHERLANDER, S., ALLEN, S. and GAUB, H.E., 2002. Mechanical fingerprints of DNA drug complexes Single Molecules. 3(2-3), 97-103
• POPE, L.H., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2001. Probing DNA duplex formation and DNA-drug interactions by the quartz crystal microbalance technique Langmuir. 17(26), 8300-8304
• ALLEN, S., CONNELL, S.D.A., CHEN, X., DAVIES, J., DAVIES, M.C., DAWKES, A.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2001. Mapping the surface characteristics of polystyrene microtiter wells by a multimode scanning force microscopy approach (Note) Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 242(2), 470
• FENG, X., ROBERTS, C.J., ARMITAGE, D.A., DAVIES, M.C., TENDLER, S.J.B., ALLEN, S. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 2001. Investigation of microcontact transfer of proteins from a selectively plasma treated elastomer stamp by fluorescence microscopy and force microscopy Analyst. 126(7), 1100-1104
• CONNELL, S.D., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, J., DAVIES, M.C., DAWKES, A.C., ROBERTS, C.J. and TENDLER, S.J.B., 2001. Measurement of contact angles on submicron liquid droplets by AFM Langmuir.
• RIGBY-SINGLETON, S., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B., WILLIAMS, P.M. and DAVIES, J., 2001. Quantification of rupture forces between a drug-enzyme complext Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 221, U347-U347
• BOND, L., ALLEN, S., ROBERTS, C. J., SHIVJI, A., WILLIAMS, P. M., DAVIES, M. C. and TENDLER, S. J. B., 2001. Characterisation of drug-excipient interactions using the atomic force microscope BRITISH PHARMACEUTICAL CONFERENCE. 2001, 277
• BALDWIN, A. K., ALLEN, S., CLADERA, J., DAVIES, M. C., O SHEA, P., PALIN, K., PARKINS, D., ROBERTS, C. J., TENDLER, S. J. B. and WILLIAMS, P. M., 2001. DNA: lipid interactions within a liposomal gene delivery system BRITISH PHARMACEUTICAL CONFERENCE. 2001, 87
• KRAUTBAUER, R., ALLEN, S., TESSMER, I., SKINNER, G., POPE, L.H., SCHRADER, T.E., MOLLOY, J.E., TENDLER, S.J.B. and GAUB, H.E., 2001. Single molecule force spectroscopy investigations of DNA-drug interactions Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. 221, U345-U345
• HOOTON, J. C., ROBERTS, C. J., GERMAN, C. S., ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M. C., TENDLER, S. J. B., WILLIAMS, P. M. and YORK, P., 2001. Atomic force microscopy as a tool for force distance measurements of SEDS processed material BRITISH PHARMACEUTICAL CONFERENCE. 2001, 260
• ALLEN, S., DAVIES, J., DAVIES, M.C., DAWKES, A.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 1999. The influence of epitope availability on atomic force microscope studies of antigen-antibody interactions Biochemical Journal. 341(1), 173-178
• ALLEN, S., DAVIES, M.C., ROBERTS, C.J., TENDLER, S.J.B. and WILLIAMS, P.M., 1997. Atomic force microscopy in analytical biotechnology Trends in Biotechnology. 15(3), 101-105
• ALLEN, S., DAVIES, J., DAWKES, A. C., DAVIES, M. C., EDWARDS, J. C., PARKER, M. C., ROBERTS, C. J., SEFTON, J., TENDLER, S. J. B. and WILLIAMS, P. M., 1996. In situ observation of streptavidin-biotin binding on an immunoassay well surface using an atomic force microscope FEBS Letters. VOL 390(NUMBER 2), 161-164