Timothy Ledgeway

Contact

• workRoom C64 School of Psychology
  University Park
  Nottingham
  NG7 2RD
  UK
• work0115 84 67343
• fax0115 95 15324
• timothy.ledgeway@nottingham.ac.uk
• http://www.psychology.nottingham.ac.uk/research/vision/txl/home.html

Biography

Expertise Summary

Motion Perception

Objects move and we as observers are also contantly moving our eyes, heads and bodies when interacting with our environments. This provides a rich source of visual information that can be exploited to perform many important functions (e.g. predict the future locations of animated objects in the world, break camouflage, reveal three-dimensional scene structure and aid navigation). My research interests include: Models of first-order and second-order motion detection; the relationship between psychophysical performance and the properties of visual cortical areas; feature-based theories of motion perception; speed perception; aftereffects of adaptation to motion; the integration of local velocity signals into global motion percepts.

Spatial Vision

My research in this area is directed at understanding the processes by which the outputs of sensors early in the visual pathways are combined in order to perform biologically-relevant tasks such as segmenting the image into adjacent regions, boundaries and objects. Specific interests include: the rules governing the manner in which local visual cues (e.g. spatial orientation and motion) are linked across space to extract elongated contours; why local textural differences, unlike equivalent luminance cues, are ineffective at disambiguating simple spatial contours; the anomalous processing deficits exhibited by amblyopic observers on tasks involving spatial integration.

Stereopsis and binocular vision

My research in this field focuses on how the visual system extracts information about the three-dimensional spatial structure of the environment by virtue of viewing the world simultaneously from two slightly different vantage points (i.e. with two horizontally-separated eyes). Interests include: the role of vertical disparity and vergence cues in scaling judgments of relative depth, surface shape, and size; vergence eye movements; retinal correspondence and the relationship between the theoretical (geometric) and empirical horopters; stereoscopic acuity and the depth information provided by absolute horizontal disparities; shape from shading; curvature contrast effects.

Research Summary

Broadly speaking my research addresses the psychological, neural and computational mechanisms underlying our ability to perceive the visual world. I primarily use psychophysical (behavioural) methods… read more

Recent Publications

• BATOOL, A., RUTHERFORD, P., MCGRAW, P., LEDGEWAY, T. and ALTOMONTE, S., 2021. View preference in urban environments LIGHTING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY. 53(7), 613-636
• BATOOL, A., RUTHERFORD, P., MCGRAW, P., LEDGEWAY, T. and ALTOMONTE, S., 2021. Window views: Changes of perception during a lockdown LEUKOS: The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society. 17, 380-390
• WANG, MENGXIN, MCGRAW, PAUL and LEDGEWAY, TIMOTHY, 2021. Attentional eye selection modulates sensory eye dominance VISION RESEARCH. 188, 10-25
• WANG, MENGXIN, MCGRAW, PAUL and LEDGEWAY, TIMOTHY, 2020. Short-term monocular deprivation reduces inter-ocular suppression of the deprived eye VISION RESEARCH. 173, 29-40

• View all publications

Current Research

Broadly speaking my research addresses the psychological, neural and computational mechanisms underlying our ability to perceive the visual world. I primarily use psychophysical (behavioural) methods to investigate vision, but other techniques include eye-movement recording, functional brain imaging (fMRI), modeling and electrophysiology. Currently my research interests fall into three main categories:

• BATOOL, A., RUTHERFORD, P., MCGRAW, P., LEDGEWAY, T. and ALTOMONTE, S., 2021. View preference in urban environments LIGHTING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY. 53(7), 613-636
• BATOOL, A., RUTHERFORD, P., MCGRAW, P., LEDGEWAY, T. and ALTOMONTE, S., 2021. Window views: Changes of perception during a lockdown LEUKOS: The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society. 17, 380-390
• WANG, MENGXIN, MCGRAW, PAUL and LEDGEWAY, TIMOTHY, 2021. Attentional eye selection modulates sensory eye dominance VISION RESEARCH. 188, 10-25
• WANG, MENGXIN, MCGRAW, PAUL and LEDGEWAY, TIMOTHY, 2020. Short-term monocular deprivation reduces inter-ocular suppression of the deprived eye VISION RESEARCH. 173, 29-40
• WANG, MENGXIN, MCGRAW, PAUL and LEDGEWAY, TIMOTHY, 2020. Attentional Selection Counteracts Shifts in Ocular Dominance Induced by Short-Term Monocular Deprivation PERCEPTION. 49(6), 701-701
• MCGRAW, PAUL V., BARRETT, BRENDAN T. and LEDGEWAY, TIM, 2019. Optical treatment of strabismic amblyopia OPHTHALMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS. 39(5), 309-312
• WANG, MENGXIN, MCGRAW, PAUL and LEDGEWAY, TIMOTHY, 2019. Individual variation in inter-ocular suppression and sensory eye dominance VISION RESEARCH. 163, 33-41
• WANG, M., LEDGEWAY, T. and MCGRAW, P., 2019. Changes in sensory eye dominance following short-term monocular deprivation result from reduced inter-ocular suppression of the deprived eye Perception. 48, 264-265
• WANG, M., MCGRAW, P. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2019. Individual variation in inter-ocular suppression Perception (Supplement). 48, 37
• WANG, MENGXIN, MCGRAW, PAUL and LEDGEWAY, TIMOTHY, 2019. Sensory Eye Dominance Plasticity Is Driven by Attentional Eye Selection PERCEPTION. 48, 175-176
• ROCCHI, FRANCESCA, LEDGEWAY, TIMOTHY and WEBB, BEN S, 2018. Criterion-free measurement of motion transparency perception at different speeds. Journal of vision. 18(4), 5
• GAO, T.Y, LEDGEWAY, T., LIE, A., ANSTICE, N., BLACK, J., MCGRAW, P.V. and THOMPSON, B., 2018. Orientation-tuning and contrast-dependence of continuous flash suppression in amblyopia and normal vision Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 59, 5462–5472
• KYPARISSIADIS A, VAN HEUVEN WJ, PITCHFORD NJ and LEDGEWAY T, 2017. GreekLex 2: A comprehensive lexical database with part-of-speech, syllabic, phonological, and stress information. PLoS ONE. 12(2), e0172493
• JOHNSTON, R., PITCHFORD, N. J., ROACH, N. W. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2017. Encoding of rapid time-varying information is impaired in poor readers Journal of Vision. 17(5), 1-13
• JOHNSTON, R., PITCHFORD, N. J., ROACH, N. W. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2017. Visual perception in dyslexia is limited by sub-optimal scale selection Scientific Reports. 7, 6593
• JOHNSTON, R., PITCHFORD, N. J., ROACH, N. W. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2017. New insights into the role of motion and form vision in neurodevelopmental disorders Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 83, 32-45
• JOHNSTON, RICHARD, PITCHFORD, NICOLA, ROACH, NEIL and LEDGEWAY, TIMOTHY, 2017. Effects of Reading Ability on Temporal Segmentation of Motion Information PERCEPTION. 46(10), 1227-1228
• JOHNSTON, R.J., PITCHFORD, N.J. and ROACH, N.W., 2017. The effects of perceptual uncertainty on global motion and global form detection in developmental dyslexia Perception: 40th European Conference on Visual Perception (ECVP) 2017 Berlin. 7
• LEDGEWAY, T., JOHNSTON, R.J., PITCHFORD, N.J. and ROACH, N.W., 2017. Is spatial scale selection sub-optimal in developmental dyslexia? Perception: 40th European Conference on Visual Perception (ECVP) 2017 Berlin. 154
• ZAMBONI, E., LEDGEWAY, T., MCGRAW, P.V. and SCHLUPPECK, D., 2016. Do perceptual biases emerge early or late in visual processing? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 283(1833),
• JOHNSTON, R., PITCHFORD, N. J., ROACH, N. W. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2016. Why is the processing of global motion impaired in adults with developmental dyslexia? Brain and Cognition. 108, 20-31
• ZAMBONI, E., LEDGEWAY, T., MCGRAW, P. and SCHLUPPECK, D., 2016. Response-related differences in the biases of perceived motion direction Journal of Vision. 16, 443
• GAO, T.Y, LEDGEWAY, T., LIE, A., ANSTICE, N., BLACK, J., MCGRAW, P. and THOMPSON, B., 2016. Continuous flash suppression in Amblyopia is asymmetric and non-selective for stimulus orientation Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 57, 1521
• HUTCHINSON, C.V., LEDGEWAY, T. and BAKER JR, C.L., 2016. Phase-dependent interactions in visual cortex to combinations of first- and second-order stimuli Journal of Neuroscience. 36(49), 12328-12337
• JOHNSTON, R.J., PITCHFORD, N.J., ROACH, N.W. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2016. Motion-based segmentation is impaired in developmental dyslexia Perception. 45((Supplement)), 184
• JOHNSTON, R.J., PITCHFORD, N.J., ROACH, N.W. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2016. Scale-selection is impaired in developmental dyslexia Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. 36,
• THOMPSON, B., CHUNG, S.T.L., KIORPES, L., LEDGEWAY, T. and MCGRAW, P.V., 2015. A window into visual cortex development and recovery of vision: Introduction to the Vision Research special issue on Amblyopia Vision Research. 114, 1-3
• LEDGEWAY, T., HESLIP, D. and MCGRAW, P, 2015. Changes in temporal integration mitigate the disruptive effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation over visual cortex in humans Journal of Vision. 15(12), 809
• HUTCHINSON, C.V., LEDGEWAY, T. and KONDONI, T., 2015. Spatial integration in dynamic random-dot patterns depicting either first-order or second-order global motion Perception. 44((Supplement)), 199
• ZAMBONI, E., LEDGEWAY, T., MCGRAW, P. and SCHLUPPECK, D., 2015. Late, decision-related biases in reports of visual motion direction Perception. 44((Supplement)), 202
• JOHNSTON, R., LEDGEWAY, T., PITCHFORD, N.J. and ROACH, N.W., 2015. What is the underlying nature of the perceptual deficit in adult poor readers? Perception. 44((Supplement)), 334
• ZAMBONI, E., LEDGEWAY, T., MCGRAW, P. and SCHLUPPECK, D., 2015. Non-informative cues bias reports of visual motion direction Perception. 44((Supplement)), 1238-1239
• JOHNSTON, R., LEDGEWAY, T., PITCHFORD, N. J. and ROACH, N. W., 2015. Visual processing of motion and form by relatively good and poor adult readers Perception. 44(Supplement), 1241
• XING, Y., LEDGEWAY, T., MCGRAW, P. and SCHLUPPECK, D., 2014. The influence of spatial pattern on visual short-term memory for contrast Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. 76, 1925-1932
• HUTCHINSON, C.V., LEDGEWAY, T. and ALLEN, H.A., 2014. The ups and downs of global motion perception: A paradoxical advantage for smaller stimuli in the aging visual system Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 6:199, 1-8
• HESLIP, D., LEDGEWAY, T. and MCGRAW, P., 2013. The orientation tuning of motion streak mechanisms revealed by masking Journal of Vision. 13(9), 376
• LEDGEWAY,T., MCGRAW, P. and THOMPSON, B., 2013. What determines the depth of interocular suppression during continuous flash suppression? Journal of Vision. 13(9), 541
• HUTCHINSON, C.V., LEDGEWAY, T., ARENA, A., ALLEN, H.A. and LONG, M.D., 2013. Binocular summation of second-order global motion signals in human vision Vision Research. 84, 16-25
• KNOX, P.J., LEDGEWAY, T. and SIMMERS, A.J., 2013. The effects of spatial offset, temporal offset and image speed on sensitivity to global motion in human amblyopia Vision Research. 86, 59-65
• XING, Y., LEDGEWAY, T., MCGRAW, P.V. and SCHLUPPECK, D., 2013. Decoding working memory of stimulus contrast in early visual cortex Journal of Neuroscience. 33(25), 10301-10311
• KELLY, A., VAN HEUVEN, W.J.B., PITCHFORD, N.J and LEDGEWAY, T., 2013. Is the masked priming same-different task a pure measure of prelexical processing? PLoS ONE. 8(9), e72888
• ROCCHI, F., LEDGEWAY, T. and WEBB, B.S., 2013. Visual motion integration is mediated by directional ambiguities in local motion signals Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience. 7(167), 1-9
• LEGGE, R., SIMMERS, A. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2012. Motion processing and the Pulfrich phenomenon Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 32, 171
• HUTCHINSON, C.V., ARENA, A., ALLEN, H.A. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2012. Psychophysical correlates of global motion processing in the aging visual system: A critical review Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 36, 1266-1272
• HESLIP, D., LEDGEWAY, T. and MCGRAW, P.V., 2012. Adaptation to cortical noise induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation to the occipital lobe i-perception. 3, 255
• AAEN-STOCKDAKE, C., LEDGEWAY, T., MCGRAW, P. and HESS, R.F., 2012. Interaction of first-and second-order signals in the extraction of global-motion and optic-flow Vision Research. 68, 28-39
• PITCHFORD, N.J., VAN HEUVEN, W.J.B., KELLY, A.N., ZHANG, T. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2012. Vision, development and bilingualism are fundamental in the quest for a universal model of visual word recognition and reading Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 35, 300-301
• ARENA, A., HUTCHINSON, C.V., LEDGEWAY, T., ALLEN, H.A. and LONG, M.D., 2012. Binocular summation of second-order optic flow Perception. 41((Supplement)), 1268
• LONG, M.D., HUTCHINSON, C.V., ALLEN, H.A., LEDGEWAY, T. and ARENA, A., 2012. Second-order global motion processing in older adults: effects of local element contrast Perception. 41((Supplement)), 2168
• HESLIP, D., LEDGEWAY, T. and MCGRAW, P.V., 2012. Motion detection in a noisy environment: Unexpected effects of background orientation on motion streak masking Perception. 41((Supplement)), 1518-1519
• ROCCHI, F., LEDGEWAY, T. and WEBB, B.S., 2011. Does the human visual system average local speed information? Perception. 40, 114-115
• ROCCHI, F., LEDGEWAY, T. and WEBB, B.S., 2011. Global speed perception in human vision is sensitive to the median physical speed of local image motions Journal of Vision. 11(11), 707
• O'KANE, L., WATT, R., LEDGEWAY, T. and GOUCHER, R., 2011. Remote interactions in contour detection i-Perception. 2(3), 192
• SIMMERS, A.J., KNOX, P.J., HUTCHINSON, C.V. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2011. Sensitivity to spatio-temporal modulations of first-order and different varieties of second-order motion in Amblyopia Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 51((Supplement)), 1842
• HUTCHINSON, C.V., ALLEN, H.A. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2011. When older is better:superior global motion perception in the elderly Perception. 40((Supplement)), 115
• ALLEN, H.A., LEDGEWAY, T., KELLY, N., HUTCHINSON, C.V. and BLUNDELL, J., 2011. Divided attention impairs motion perception in older adults Journal of Vision. 11(11), 97
• SIMMERS, A.J., LEDGEWAY, T., HUTCHINSON, C.V. and KNOX, P.J., 2011. Visual deficits in amblyopia constrain normal models of second-order motion processing Vision Research. 51(18), 2008-2020
• LEDGEWAY, T., MCGRAW, P.V. and SIMMERS, A.J., 2011. What is the spatial integration area for global motion perception in human central vision? Journal of Vision. 11(11), 704
• WEBB, B.S., LEDGEWAY, T. and ROCCHI, F., 2011. Neural computations governing spatiotemporal pooling of visual motion signals in humans Journal of Neuroscience. 31(13), 4917-4925
• WEBB, B.S., LEDGEWAY, T. and MCGRAW, P.V., 2010. Relating spatial and temporal orientation pooling to population decoding solutions in human vision Vision Research. 50(22), 2274-2283
• ROCCHI, F., LEDGEWAY, T. and WEBB, B.S., 2010. Computations mediating global speed perception in human vision Perception. 39, 98
• HUTCHINSON, C.V. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2010. Spatial summation of first-order and second-order motion in human vision Vision Research. 50(17), 1766-1774
• HUTCHINSON, C.V. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2010. Temporal frequency modulates reaction time responses to first-order and second-order motion Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 36(5), 1325-1332
• ELLEMBERG, D., LEWIS, T.L., MAURER, D., LEE, B., LEDGEWAY, T., GUILLEMOT, J.P. and LEPORE, F., 2010. The effect of displacement on sensitivity to first- and second-order global motion in 5-year-olds and adults Seeing and Perceiving. 23(5-6), 517-532
• ALLEN, H.A., HUTCHINSON, C.V., LEDGEWAY, T. and GAYLE, P., 2010. The role of contrast sensitivity in global motion processing deficits in the elderly Journal of Vision. 10(10), 15
• ROCCHI, F., LEDGEWAY, T. and WEBB, B.S., 2009. Computations governing the spatiotemporal pooling of local motion directions Perception. 38((Supplement)), 134
• STEVENS, L.K., MCGRAW, P.V., LEDGEWAY, T. and SCHLUPPECK, D., 2009. Temporal characteristics of global motion processing revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation European Journal of Neuroscience. 30(12), 2415-2426
• LEDGEWAY, T. and HUTCHINSON, C.V., 2009. Visual adaptation reveals asymmetric spatial frequency tuning for motion Journal of Vision. 9(1), 4
• PITCHFORD, N.J., LEDGEWAY, T. and MASTERSON, J., 2009. Reduced orthographic learning in dyslexic adult readers: evidence from patterns of letter search Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 62(1), 99-113
• PITCHFORD, N.J., LEDGEWAY, T. and MASTERSON, J., 2008. Effect of orthographic processes in letter position encoding Journal of Research in Reading. 31(1), 97-116
• WEBB, B.S., LEDGEWAY, T. and MCGRAW, P.V., 2008. Adaptive spatial integration of orientation signals over time Journal of Vision. 8(6), 353
• WATT, R., LEDGEWAY, T. and DAKIN, S.C., 2008. Families of models for gabor paths demonstrate the importance of spatial adjacency Journal of Vision. 8(7), 23
• LEDGEWAY, T. and HUTCHINSON, C.V., 2008. Choice reaction times for identifying the direction of first-order motion and different varieties of second-order motion Vision Research. 48(2), 208-222
• HUTCHINSON, C.V. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2008. The effect of image size on the perception of luminance-defined and contrast-defined motion Perception. 37((Supplement)), 313-314
• HUTCHINSON, C.V. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2007. Asymmetric spatial frequency tuning of motion mechanisms in human vision revealed by masking Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 48(8), 3897-3904
• WEBB, B.S., LEDGEWAY, T. and MCGRAW, P.V., 2007. Cortical pooling algorithms for judging global motion direction Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104(9), 3532-3537
• AAEN-STOCKDALE, C.R, LEDGEWAY, T. and HESS, R.F., 2007. Second-order optic flow deficits in Amblyopia Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 48, 5532-5538
• HUTCHINSON, C.V., BAKER, C.L. JR and LEDGEWAY, T., 2007. Response to combined first-order and second-order motion in visual cortex neurons Perception. 36((Supplement)), 305-306
• WATT, R., LEDGEWAY, T. and DAKIN, S., 2007. Families of models for the Gabor path paradigm Perception. 36((Supplement)), 7-8
• WATT, R., DAKIN, S. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2007. Families of models for the ‘Gabor Path’ paradigm Perception. 36((Supplement)), 1401
• HESS, R F, HUTCHINSON, C V, LEDGEWAY, T and MANSOURI, B, 2007. Binocular influences on global motion processing in the human visual system. Vision Research. 47(12), 1682-92
• HUTCHINSON, C.V. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2007. The contrast-dependence of behavioural response latencies to different varieties of motion Perception. 36((Supplement)), 1406-1407
• LEDGEWAY, T., WEBB, B. and MCGRAW, P., 2007. What determines the perceived direction of global motion in displays composed of asymmetric distributions of local motions? Journal of Vision. 7, 402a
• SCHOFIELD, A.J., LEDGEWAY, T. and HUTCHINSON, C.V., 2007. Asymmetric transfer of the dynamic motion after-effect between first- and second-order cues and among different second-order cues Journal of Vision. 7, 1-12
• HESS, R.F., HUTCHINSON, C.V., LEDGEWAY, T. and MANSOURI, B., 2007. Is global motion processed by mechanisms that are monocular, binocular or both? Perception. 36((Supplement)), 1403
• STEVENS, L., MCGRAW, P. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2007. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) disrupts processing of translational, radial and rotational global motion within distinct epochs Journal of Vision. 7, 400a
• HUTCHINSON, C.V. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2007. Temporal response dynamics of motion processing in human vision: Modulation depth and speed Perception. 36((Supplement)), 92
• AAEN-STOCKDALE, CRAIG, LEDGEWAY, TIM and HESS, ROBERT F, 2007. Second-order optic flow processing. Vision Research. 47(13), 1798-808
• AAEN-STOCKDALE, C.R., HESS, R.F. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2007. Second-order optic flow processing in Amblyopia Journal of Vision. 7, 393a
• LEDGEWAY, T. and HUTCHINSON, C.V., 2007. Asymmetric spatial frequency tuning in the human visual motion system Perception. 36((Supplement)), 307
• LEDGEWAY, T. and HUTCHINSON, C.V., 2006. Is the direction of second-order, contrast-defined motion patterns visible to standard motion-energy detectors: a model answer? Vision Research. 46(4), 556-567
• SIMMERS, A. J., LEDGEWAY, T., MANSOURI, B., HUTCHINSON, C. V. and HESS, R. F., 2006. The extent of the dorsal extra-striate deficit in amblyopia Vision Research. VOL 46(NUMBER 16), 2571-2580
• HUTCHINSON, C.V. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2006. Are neural responses derived from different varieties of motion pooled at later stages of visual processing? Perception. 35((Supplement)), 423
• HUTCHINSON, C. V. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2006. Sensitivity to spatial and temporal modulations of first-order and second-order motion Vision Research. VOL 46(NUMBER 3), 324-335
• LEDGEWAY, T. and HESS, R. F., 2006. The spatial frequency and orientation selectivity of the mechanisms that extract motion-defined contours Vision Research. VOL 46(NUMBER 4), 568-578
• SCHOFIELD, A.J., LEDGEWAY, T. and HUTCHINSON, C.V., 2006. Asymmetric transfer of the dynamic motion after-effect between first- and second-order cues Perception. 35((Supplement)), 238
• MITCHELL, P., LEDGEWAY, T. and LANDRY, O., 2005. Abnormal motion perception in autism: Implications for primacy, heterogeneity, diagnosis and further research Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive. VOL 23(NUMB 1/2), 143-152
• LEDGEWAY, T., HESS, R.F. and GEISLER, W.S., 2005. Grouping local orientation and direction signals to extract spatial contours: empirical tests of “association field” models of contour integration Vision Research. 45(19), 2511-2522
• HUTCHINSON, C.V. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2005. First-order and second-order motion: A comparison of “windows of visibility” Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 25, 470-471
• LEDGEWAY, T. and HUTCHINSON, C.V., 2005. Investigating phase-specific interactions between different varieties of motion using a motion-cancellation paradigm Perception. 34((Supplement)), 11
• LEDGEWAY, T. and HUTCHINSON, C. V., 2005. The influence of spatial and temporal noise on the detection of first-order and second-order orientation and motion direction Vision Research. VOL 45(NUMBER 16), 2081-2094
• HUTCHINSON, C.V. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2005. Responses of first-order motion energy detectors to second-order images: Modeling artifacts and artifactual models Perception. 34((Supplement)), 123-124
• WAGSTAFFE, J.K., PITCHFORD, N.J. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2005. Does central fixation account for medial letter facilitation in visual search? Perception. 34((Supplement)), 150
• LEDGEWAY, T., ZHAN, C., JOHNSON, A. P., SONG, Y. and BAKER, C. L., 2005. The direction-selective contrast response of area 18 neurons is different for first- and second-order motion Visual Neuroscience. VOL 22(NUMB 1), 87-99
• ZHAN, C.A., LEDGEWAY, T. and BAKER, C.L., 2005. Contrast response in visual cortex: quantitative assessment with intrinsic optical signal imaging and neural firing NeuroImage. 26(2), 330-346
• SIMMERS, A.J., LEDGEWAY, T. and HESS, R.F., 2005. The influences of visibility and anomalous integration processes on the perception of global spatial form versus motion in human Amblyopia. Vision Research. 45, 449-460
• HUTCHINSON, C.V. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2004. Do noise carriers impair the detection of motion direction in first-order and second-order patterns? Perception. 33((Supplement)), 31-32
• HUTCHINSON, C. V. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2004. Spatial frequency selective masking of first-order and second-order motion in the absence of off-frequency `looking' Vision Research. VOL 44(NUMBER 13), 1499-1510
• PITCHFORD, N.J., MASTERSON, J. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2004. Evidence for serial and global encoding of letter identity and position in a visual task using skilled and dyslexic adult readers. Perception. 33((Supplement)), 150
• HESS, R.F. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2004. A second look at 2nd order linking Journal of Vision. 4, 530a
• ELLEMBERG, D., LEWIS, T. L., DIRKS, M., MAURER, D., LEDGEWAY, T., GUILLEMOT, J. P. and LEPORE, F., 2004. Putting order into the development of sensitivity to global motion Vision Research. VOL 44(NUMBER 20), 2403-2411
• LEDGEWAY, T., ZHAN, C., JOHNSON, A., SONG, Y. and BAKER, C.L., 2004. Direction selectivity and the contrast response function of cortical neurones to first-order and second-order motion Perception. 33((Supplement)), 159-160
• ALLEN, H. A., LEDGEWAY, T. and HESS, R. F., 2004. Poor encoding of position by contrast-defined motion Vision Research. VOL 44(NUMBER 17), 1985-1999
• WRIGHT, M.J. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2004. Interaction between luminance gratings and disparity gratings. Spatial Vision. 17, 51-74
• SIMMERS, A. J., LEDGEWAY, T., HESS, R. F. and MCGRAW, P. V., 2003. Deficits to global motion processing in human amblyopia Vision Research. VOL 43(NUMBER 6), 729-738
• HUTCHINSON, C.V. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2003. Measurement of the spatial frequency tuning of second-order motion detectors using simultaneous masking in the absence of off-frequency ‘looking’ Perception. 32((Supplement)), 101-102
• HESS, R.F. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2003. The spatial properties of motion-defined contours Journal of Vision. 3, 532a
• HESS, R. F. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2003. The detection of direction-defined and speed-defined spatial contours: one mechanism or two? Vision Research. VOL 43(NUMBER 5), 597-606
• ALLEN, H.A., HESS, R.F. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2003. Discriminating the direction of randomly positioned contrast-defined motion Journal of Vision. 3, 787a
• ALLEN, H. A. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2003. Attentional modulation of threshold sensitivity to first-order motion and second-order motion patterns Vision Research. VOL 43(NUMBER 27), 2927-2936
• LEDGEWAY, T. and HESS, R. F., 2002. Rules for combining the outputs of local motion detectors to define simple contours Vision Research. VOL 42(NUMBER 5), 653-659
• SIMMERS, A.J., LEDGEWAY, T., HESS, R.F. and MCGRAW, P.V., 2002. Contrast and motion specific deficits in Amblyopia measured using the global motion paradigm Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 43((Supplement)), 3941
• LEDGEWAY,T., HESS,R.F. and MCGRAW,P.V., 2002. Masking effects between local first-order and second-order motions in the extraction of global motion direction depend critically on stimulus visibility Perception. 31(Supplement), 99-100
• ZHAN, C., LEDGEWAY, T. and BAKER, C.L., 2002. Optical imaging of contrast-dependent direction selectivity in visual cortex Society for Neuroscience. Abstracts. 657.4
• LEDGEWAY, T. and HESS, R. F., 2002. Failure of direction identification for briefly presented second-order motion stimuli: evidence for weak direction selectivity of the mechanisms encoding motion Vision Research. VOL 42(NUMBER 14), 1739-1758
• WRIGHT, M. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2002. Interaction between luminance gratings and disparity gratings Bulletin of the Applied Vision Association. 147, 18-19
• DAKIN, S. C., HESS, R. F., LEDGEWAY, T. and ACHTMAN, R. L., 2002. What causes non-monotonic tuning of fMRI response to noisy images? Current Biology. VOL 12(NUMBER 14), R476-R477
• HESS, R.F. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2002. Direction- and speed-defined spatial contours: One mechanism or two? Journal of Vision. 2, 121a
• SMITH, A.T. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2001. Motion detection in human vision: a unifying approach based on energy and features Proceedings of the Royal Society. Series B, Biological Sciences. 268(1479), 1889-1899
• ACHTMAN, R.L., DUMOULIN, S.O., LEDGEWAY, T. and HESS, R.F., 2001. FMRI activation of striate and extra-striate areas by circumferential gratings and phase-scrambled patterns of varying contrast Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 42((Supplement)), 2195
• LEDGEWAY, T. and BAKER, C.L., 2001. A neurometric function analysis of the direction selectivity of visual cortex neurons as a function of stimulus contrast Society for Neuroscience. Abstracts. 27, 164.3
• HESS, R.F. and LEDGEWAY, T., 2001. An association field for motion-defined contours Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 42((Supplement)), 2772
• ELLEMBERG, D., LEWIS, T.L., DIRKS, M., MAURER, D., LEDGEWAY, T., LEPORE, F. and GUILLEMOT, J., 2001. Sensitivity to first-order and second-order global motion in 5-year-olds and adults Perception. 30((Supplement)), 32
• LEDGEWAY, T. and HESS, R.F., 2001. Why is direction-identification impoverished for briefly presented second-order motion stimuli? Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 42((Supplement)), 2854
• TE PAS, S.F., LEDGEWAY, T. and ROGERS, B.J., 2000. Curvature contrast in stereoscopically-defined surfaces Current Psychology Letters: Behaviour, Brain & Cognition. 1, 117-126
• LEDGEWAY, T. and HESS, R. F., 2000. The properties of the motion-detecting mechanisms mediating perceived direction in stochastic displays Vision Research. VOL 40(NUMBER 26), 3585 - 3597
• HESS, R. F., LEDGEWAY, T. and DAKIN, S., 2000. Impoverished second-order input to global linking in human vision Vision Research. VOL 40(NUMBER 24), 3309 - 3318
• LEDGEWAY, T. and ROGERS, B. J., 1999. The effects of eccentricity and vergence angle upon the relative tilt of corresponding vertical and horizontal meridia revealed using the minimum motion paradigm Perception. VOL 28(NUMBER 2), 143-154
• LEDGEWAY, T., 1999. Discrimination of the speed and direction of global second-order motion in stochastic displays Vision Research. VOL 39(NUMBER 22), 3710 - 3720
• LEDGEWAY, T. and HESS, R.F., 1999. Multi-channel second-order motion Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 40((Supplement)), 2243
• LEDGEWAY, T. and ROGERS, B.J., 1998. Does the stereoscopic system know or care about the geometric horoptors? Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 39((Supplement)), 2860
• ROGERS, B.J. and LEDGEWAY, T., 1998. Sensitivity to the flatness and the curvature of slanting stereoscopic surfaces as a function of viewing distance Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 39((Supplement)), 913
• SMITH, A. T. and LEDGEWAY, T., 1998. Sensitivity to second-order motion as a function of temporal frequency and eccentricity Vision Research. VOL 38(NUMBER 3), 403-410
• JOHNS, A.M., ROGERS, B.J., EAGLE, R.A. and LEDGEWAY, T., 1998. Poor speed discrimination suggests that there is a specialized speed mechanism for cyclopean motion Perception. 27((Supplement)), 183
• CULHAM, J.C., NISHIDA, S., LEDGEWAY, T., CAVANAGH, P., VON GRUNAU, M.W., KWAS, M., ALAIS, D. and RAYMOND, J.E., 1998. Higher order effects. In: The motion aftereffect: A modern perspective MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass..
• LIPSON, M., ROGERS, B.J. and LEDGEWAY, T., 1998. Disparity scaling from differential perspective: Effects of surface shape and texture 39((Supplement)), 2898
• ROGERS, B.J. and LEDGEWAY, T., 1997. Scaling of fronto-parallel surfaces by vertical disparities: Effects of field size, location and eccentricity Perception. 26((Supplement)), 30
• TE PAS, S.F., ROGERS, B.J. and LEDGEWAY, T., 1997. A curvature contrast effect for stereoscopically-defined surfaces Bulletin of the Applied Vision Association. 122, 35
• TE PAS, S.F., ROGERS, B.J. and LEDGEWAY, T., 1997. A curvature contrast effect for stereoscopically-defined surfaces Perception. 26((Supplement)), 1337
• LEDGEWAY, T. and SMITH, A. T., 1997. Changes in perceived speed following adaptation to first-order and second-order motion Vision Research. VOL 37(NUMBER 2), 215-224
• LEDGEWAY,T. and ROGERS. B.J., 1997. The effects of eccentricity, vergence angle and elevation upon the relative tilt of corresponding vertical and horizontal meridia revealed using the minimum motion paradigm Bulletin of the Applied Vision Association. 122, 27
• SMITH, A.T. and LEDGEWAY, T., 1997. Sensitivity to second-order motion as a function of drift temporal frequency and viewing eccentricity Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 38((Supplement)), 401
• NISHIDA, S., LEDGEWAY, T. and EDWARDS, M., 1997. Dual multiple-scale processing for motion in the human visual system Vision Research. VOL 37(NUMBER 19), 2685-2698
• SMITH, A. T. and LEDGEWAY, T., 1997. Separate detection of moving luminance and contrast modulations: fact or artifact? Vision Research. VOL 37(NUMBER 1), 45-62
• LEDGEWAY, T. and ROGERS, B.J., 1997. The effects of eccentricity, vergence angle and elevation upon the relative tilt of corresponding vertical and horizontal meridia revealed using the minimum motion paradigm Perception. 26((Supplement)), 1333
• LEDGEWAY, T. and ROGERS, B.J., 1997. The visual system's sensitivity to absolute disparity using open-loop vergence Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 38((Supplement)), 4224
• ROGERS, B.J. and LEDGEWAY, T., 1997. Can vertical disparities recalibrate vergence signals? Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 38((Supplement)), 4428
• LEDGEWAY, T. and ROGERS, B.J., 1997. Measurements of the relative tilt of corresponding vertical and horizontal meridia in the two eyes as a function of elevation and eccentricity in the visual field Perception. 26((Supplement)), 39
• LEDGEWAY, T., 1996. How similar must the Fourier spectra of the frames of a random-dot kinematogram be to support motion perception? Vision Research. VOL 36(NUMBER 16), 2489-2496
• SMITH, A.T. and LEDGEWAY, T., 1996. The second-order mechanism cannot detect direction at threshold Applied Vision Association Newsletter. 117, 28
• GREENLEE, M.W., LACINA, T., SMITH, A.T., LEDGEWAY, T. and RAD, E.W., 1996. Echo-planar functional magnetic resonance imaging of extrastriate cortex during global dot motion Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 37((Supplement)), 3394
• SMITH, A.T. and LEDGEWAY, T., 1996. Motion perception in high-pass filtered random dot patterns: motion energy, element-matching or both? Perception. 25((Supplement)), 6
• SMITH, A.T. and LEDGEWAY, T., 1995. Second order motion: The carrier is crucial Perception. 24((Supplement)), 28
• LEDGEWAY, T. and SMITH, A.T., 1995. Effects of adaptation to second-order motion on perceived speed Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 36((Supplement)), 258
• LEDGEWAY, T. and SMITH, A. T., 1995. The perceived speed of second-order motion and its dependence on stimulus contrast Vision Research. VOL 35(NUMBER 10), 1421-1434
• KEANE, M. T., LEDGEWAY, T. and DUFF, S., 1994. Constraints on Analogical Mapping: A Comparison of Three Models Cognitive Science. VOL 18(NUMBER 3), 387-438
• SMITH, A.T. and LEDGEWAY, T., 1994. Adaptation to non-Fourier motion Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 14, 439
• SMITH, A.T. and LEDGEWAY, T., 1994. Dissociation of second-order motion and "long-range" motion by adaptation Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 35((Supplement)), 1268
• LEDGEWAY, T. and SMITH, A.T., 1994. The perceived speed of second-order motion patterns Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 35((Supplement)), 1405
• LEDGEWAY, T., 1994. Adaptation to second-order motion results in a motion aftereffect for directionally-ambiguous test stimuli Vision Research. VOL 34(NUMBER 21), 2879-2889
• LEDGEWAY, T. and SMITH, A. T., 1994. Evidence for separate motion-detecting mechanisms for first- and second-order motion in human vision Vision Research. VOL 34(NUMBER 20), 2727-2740
• LEDGEWAY, T. and SMITH, A. T., 1994. The duration of the motion aftereffect following adaptation to first-order and second-order motion Perception. VOL 23(NUMBER 10), 1211-1219
• LEDGEWAY, T. and SMITH, A.T., 1993. Separate mechanisms for the detection of first- and second-order motion in human vision Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 34((Supplement)), 1363
• HAMMETT, S. T., LEDGEWAY, T. and SMITH, A. T., 1993. Transparent motion from feature- and luminance-based processes Vision Research. VOL 33(NUMBER 8), 1119-1122
• LEDGEWAY, T. and SMITH, A.T., 1993. Adaptation to second-order motion results in a motion aftereffect for directionally-ambiguous test patterns Perception. 22((Supplement)), 89
• LEDGEWAY, T. and SMITH, A.T., 1992. Adaptation to second-order motion: Direction-specific threshold elevation for direction-identification Perception. 21((Supplement)), 44
• KEANE, M.T., LEDGEWAY, T. and DUFF, S.R., 1991. Constraints on analogical mapping: The effects of similarity and order. In: The thirteenth annual conference of the cognitive science society Erlbaum (Lawrence) Associates Ltd,. 275-280
• LEDGEWAY, T., 1991. Semantic priming of face naming and familiarity decisions In: British Psychology Society Abstracts. 51