3.4.1 What is a partnership? Persons who run a business together are said to be in partnership. Partnership is the second form of business organisation at which we shall look, and we will explore what a partnership is, in the eyes of the law, in the next activity. 3.3.2 Key characteristics of being a sole trader In general terms, some of the key characteristics of being a sole trader are that: you ‘own’ the business; strictly, you own the property of the business, and have a variety of other legal capacities. In a more general sense, we can say that the wealth represented by the business is yours; in other words, you are entitled to all the capital of the business. you make the decisions which affect the nature and running of the business. 3.2.1 What is a sole trader? If you were to set up a newsagency business on your own as described in Activity 2, you would be a sole trader. Often this is described as being ‘self-employed’. You would be the ‘owner’ of the business. Whilst other people might be involved in your business (for example, as employees or suppliers), it would nevertheless be your business. 3.2 Forms of business organisation, or ‘business mediums’ If you were to carry on the business described in Activity 2, you would be carrying on business on your own. You would be what is called a ‘sole trader’. We will look at the consequences of being a sole trader in a little bit more detail in this section. However, not all businesses are run by sole traders. There are several different ways in 1.2 Law and context The law relating to businesses, which includes company law, is a highly practical subject because of the areas which it covers. You may in fact already have experience of this if you are in business; in addition or alternatively, you may be a shareholder in a company, or have lent money to one. All students and practitioners of these areas of law therefore need to have a good understanding of how they actually work in practice, as well as the commercial, political, economic and social c 1.1 ‘Company law’ Before embarking on this course, it is important to take some time to think about the implications of its title: Company law in context. In particular, what constitutes ‘company law’, and what is the context in which we are thinking about it? At this point, you might like to pause for a moment and contemplate what this phrase means to you. In particular, what do you understand by the concept of a ‘company’? At first, this may seem like a ludicrously straightforward questio Learning outcomes After studying this course, you should be able to: Part A: describe in general terms what a business is demonstrate an appreciation of the concept of capital. Part B: identify the main types of business medium demonstrate an understanding of the key characteristics of businesses run as sole traders determine what are the assets and liabilities of a business using numeracy skil References 3.7 The growth of the ECHR The achievements of the ECHR are many. It continues to promote human rights and democracy across Europe, it has established jurisprudence in human rights and it has made significant contributions to the continued peace and stability of Europe. Recent reforms mean that the right of individual petition is now guaranteed, so individuals are afforded protection from the power of the state. The number of HCPs has expanded to 46 and access to the protection of the ECHR and the ECtHR is available to 4.3 Summary of Part C In Part C you explored the relationship between UK law and human rights. You learnt about the historical approaches taken to rights in the UK, that individuals could do as they please unless there was a law restricting or preventing that conduct. The UK had been a signatory to the ECHR for many years before passing the Human Rights Act. Through activities you explored the debate on incorporation of the ECHR and its perceived effect. 4.2 Effect of the ECHR on English law prior to the Human Rights Act 1998 The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) received the Royal Assent on 9 November 1998, and the main provisions were brought into effect on 2 October 2000. However, the UK had by then been a signatory to and had ratified the ECHR for nearly fifty years. What was the effect, if any, of the Convention on UK domestic law? We have already noted the supremacy of Parliament as the main law-making body in the UK. Under English law international treaties do not become part of domestic law unless and until some 3.3 What were the fundamental human rights which required protection? Earlier in this course you explored why certain rights were considered to be basic human rights. These can be described as those rights of individuals or groups relating to human dignity and fundamental freedoms, which require legal protection from adverse interference by the state, where those rights derive from the fact of being human. Such rights can be traced back to two aspects of international law, namely customary international law and treaty law. The former derives from the customs ad 4 OpenMark quiz You might like to make some notes on the course for your own use later. Here is an example of a student's notes. Introduction to analysis 2.1 Treaties, conventions and constitutions International human rights are part of a much wider area, public international law, which in broad terms encompasses law relating to the legal rights, duties and powers of one nation state in relation to its dealings with other nation states. These rights, duties and powers are set out in international treaties or conventions. Such treaties and conventions may be global in their application or restricted to certain regions of the world. Reference to a work on international human rights treati 1 Course overview This course will look at the concept of rights in their broadest sense: a freedom to do or be protected from something; a claim to do or enjoy something; a power to do something which affects others and not to be challenged over that use of power. This concept of rights defines the position of an individual and does not consider collective or majority rights. As you may already know, the subject of rights, Learning outcomes After studying this course, you should be able to: understand the historical growth of the idea of human rights demonstrate an awareness of the international context of human rights demonstrate an awareness of the position of human rights in the UK prior to 1998 understand the importance of the Human Rights Act 1998 analyse and evaluate concepts and ideas. Introduction This course considers the growth of human rights and humanitarian law before looking at the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in detail. It will also look at the position of human rights in the UK and the effect of the Human Rights Act 1998. This OpenLearn course provides a sample of Level 1 study in Law Acknowledgements The following material is Proprietary (see terms and conditions) and is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this course: Co References
Activity 6: Nature of a partnership
This free course is an introduction to analysis which looks at real numbers and their properties, with a particular emphasis on inequalities. Section 1 starts by revising rational numbers and their decimal representations. Then, real numbers are introduced as infinite decimals. Section 2 looks at rules for manipulating inequalities and finding the solution set of an inequality. Section 3 looks at various techniques for proving inequalities. Section 4 introduces the concept of a least upper bound
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Author(s):
Hoffman, D. and Rowe, J. (2003) ‘The Convention and the United Kingdom’, Human Rights in the UK: A General Introduction to the Human Rights Act 1998, London, Pearson Longman.
Community Legal Service Direct Information Leaflet 7 (2005) The Human Rights Act: What it means for you, Legal Services Commission.
Author(s):
Hartley, T.C. (1998) The Foundations of European Community Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 11–13.
Tempest, M. (2004) ‘EU leaders sign constitution’, Guardian, 29 October.
Wright, G. and Jeffrey, S. (2004) ‘Q&A: the European constitution’, Guardian, 26 March.
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