7 Unit summary The law of conservation of charge applies locally at each point and time, so any variation of the total charge within a closed surface must be due to charges that flow across the surface of the region. This principle leads to the equation of continuity: 5.1.4 Getting agreement with the no-monopole law Substituting Equation 7.23 into the no-monopole law gives immediate agreement because The no-monopole law is analogous to Gauss's law in empty space, and it leads to a similar conclusion: the magnetic wave must be transverse. This has already been established using Farada 5.1 Electromagnetic waves This section gives a brief introduction to light and electromagnetic waves. The idea that light is an electromagnetic wave had occurred to Faraday while Maxwell was still a schoolboy, but Maxwell was the first person to possess a complete set of equations describing the dynamical behaviour of electric and magnetic fields. Believing that Faraday was correct, Maxwell set out to show that his equations have wave-like solutions that propagate through empty space at the speed of light. 4.5 Endocrine disruptors Then he was a she… (Lou Reed, American rock singer) In 1996, a book called Our Stolen Future was published, bringing to public attention a debate that had been simmering among biologists for some time. Written by Theo Colborn and two colleagues at the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), this book presented the hypothesis that certain industrial chemicals, commonly found as environmental pol Acknowledgements Except for third party materials and otherwise stated (see terms and conditions), this content is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission: 2.4 Sources of errors The following is a list of common problems that can lead to medication errors. They fall into three broad categories according to where they occur in the sequence from a drug being prescribed to it being administered to a patient. As you can see, the same types of mistake can occur in each category. Those errors that involve maths are highlighted in italics:
Prescription errors Wrong drug prescribed (contraindicated, or allergy, o 2.1 Differences between accuracy and precision Accuracy is a measure of how close a result is to the true value. Precision is a measure of how repeatable the result is. For instance, a group of three friends tried the shooting gallery at a fair and their targets are shown in Figure 6. The first person was an expert marksman, but they were using a rifle with sights that had not 1.11 Addition and subtraction in practice – fluid balance A common healthcare example that uses addition and subtraction involves calculating the fluid balance of a patient. Fluid balance is a simple but very useful way to estimate whether a patient is either becoming dehydrated or overfilled with liquids. It is calculated, on a daily basis, by adding up the total volume of liquid that has gone into their body (drinks, oral liquid medicines, intravenous drips, transfusions), then adding up the total volume of liquid that has come out of their 1.9 Addition of decimal numbers If we add 109.8 ml of one liquid to 6.5 ml of another liquid, what would be the total volume of liquid in ml? To compare 109.8 with 6.5, you need to remember that
Place the two numbers in a grid on top of each other and make sure that columns representing the same magnitude line up wit 4.3.2 Stage 2: Embryonic ocean basin formation (southern Red Sea stage) If extension and rifting progresses sufficiently, this will lead to the development of an embryonic ocean along the site of the earlier rift zone (see Figure 6b). Prior to true oceanic lithosphere being produced, basaltic magma will be repeatedly intruded into the continental lithosphere along fractures and shear 3.10 Moon42: Apollo 15 station 10 James B. Irwin took this pan moments after he and Dave Scott arrived at Station 10. (QuickTime, 500KB, note: this may take some time to download depending on your connection speed) 6.2 Chemical symbols So far, atoms have been represented as labelled spheres or circles and the bonds that link atoms in molecules have been represented as lines. This is a rather cumbersome method of writing down molecules. Chemists have developed their own shorthand language for the names of the elements. It involves giving each element a symbol consisting of one or two letters. You can guess some of them, because they start with the first letter of the element's name. Thus oxygen is designated by 3.5 Electrophysiological studies of language processing Brain imaging and aphasic studies helped us localise the subparts of language processing within the brain. However, they have shed little light on how processing unfolds in real time. This is because contemporary brain imaging is quite poor at showing changes in activity through time in fine detail, so it is hard to pick up something that may be happening slightly before something else. In Author(s): 2.5 From phoneme to sentence structure: the syntactic problem In the vervet monkey system, calls stand by themselves. Thus there is no syntax. Syntax can be thought of as working like road traffic rules do. It doesn't much matter which side of the road you drive on, as long as there is some clear convention. Similarly in (13), it is necessary to understand the difference between (13a) and (13b) without ambiguity, by having some rule or other about which noun phrase comes first. England may differ from most of the rest of the world in terms of the side o 11.3 Frequency selectivity In preceding sections we examined two ways in which the auditory system may code frequency information: the place theory and phase locking. In this section we will look at the psychophysical evidence for place coding on the basilar membrane by examining the ability of the auditory system to resolve the components of sinusoidal waves in a complex sound – a phenomenon known as frequency selectivity. The perception of a sound depends not only on its own frequency and intensity but also o 9.3.1 Weber's Law Pioneering work on the relationship between ΔI and S was done by the German physiologist, Ernst Weber in the 1830s. Weber found that the increment in stimulation required for a JND was proportional to the size of the stimulus. Weber had subjects lift a small ‘standard’ weight (S) and then lift a slightly heavier ‘comparison’ (T) weight and judge which was heavier. He found that when the difference between the standard and comparison weights was small, the subjects found 3.5.2 Mechanical force directly opens and closes transduction channels It is believed that tip links aid in causing ‘channels’ to open and close near the top of the hair cell (Figure 16). Tip links are filamentous connections between two stereocilia. Each tip link is a fine fibre obliquely joining the distal end of one stereocilium to the side of the longest adjacent process. It is thought that each l 2.1.2 Mathematics and quantification Roger Bacon once said ‘Mathematics is the door and the key to the sciences’. This statement aptly summarises the role of mathematics in science, particularly in physics, and it is not hard to see why. Much of physics is concerned with things that can be measured and quantified, that is, expressed as numbers, multiplied by an appropriate unit of measurement such as a metre or a second. It is natural to turn to mathematics to try to reveal patterns underlying such measured data. This 3.3 Integration of anatomical features and biochemical and physiological strategies in evaporators Birds and larger desert mammals that use evaporative cooling risk dehydration because of the difficulty of finding sufficient drinking water. For mammals, evaporative heat loss includes panting and sweating. In small mammals and birds the temperature of exhaled air is often lower than T
b, resulting in condensation of water on the nasal mucosa. Small desert mammals rely on this mechanism for water conservation, while resting in their cool burrows during the heat of the 3.2 Integration of anatomy and behaviour with biochemical and physiological strategies in evaders We know from Section 2.3 that small desert rodents remain cool by staying in their burrows for all or part of the day. Kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.; see Figure 20 in Section 2.3) depend on metabolic water as there is little or no water available in their diet of seeds. Kangaroo rats appear to be ill-adapted for
Illustrat
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