4.2 'Biological control' We are also guilty of importing exotic species, some of which, like the rhododendron (imported from Asia to Europe), have run riot in the absence of natural predators or primary consumers, and so have tended to out-compete native plants. Sometimes introductions have been accidental; rats and many disease-causing organisms have spread around the world via relatively modern transportation such as sailing ships. However, deliberate introductions, such as the rhododendron, have been made with wor
5.8 Review of criticisms of international rights Review the four criticisms of rights at the international level discussed in the previous sections. Identify which of these criticisms are objections in principle to 5.6 Against whom are rights claims made? The third set of problems relates to whom the rights claims are made against, and what kinds of claims can be made. In the case of individual human rights, a rights claim is usually addressed to or claimed against the legal order of the state. However, it is often one of the problems at the international level that either the state claimed against does not recognise the claim, or that the body claimed against is not a state (that is, a political entity that is in some sense morally accountabl 3.2 What are rights? The modern discourse of universal human rights has a number of features. The idea that everyone, everywhere has rights refers to the concept that there are certain entitlements justifiably owed to all individuals by virtue of certain features that all human beings have in common. As the nineteenth-century French politician and historian Alexis de Tocqueville put it, the idea of rights ‘removes from any request its supplicant character, and places the one who claims it on the same level as t 5.4 The influence of the Western perspective With regard to the first set of problems – that the rights discourse is not universal but is deeply informed by a Western perspective – it is striking that many actors and commentators on the international stage now frame their arguments and assertions in terms of the language of rights and justice. Yet we need to ask to what extent this language of rights and justice really underpins shared understandings and values. There is a strong case for saying that if there are shared understandin 5.2 Human rights in the international arena The UN's 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights asserted that the ‘recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world’. It further affirmed that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, that they were ‘essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations’, that these fundamental human rights include the equal rights between men 4.1 Distributive and commutative justice Justice is commonly thought to have two applications which Aristotle distinguished as ‘distributive’ and ‘commutative’ justice. The first, distributive justice, is concerned with the distributions of things (rights, goods, services and so on) among a class of individuals. 2.1.1 Where did the attempt to define notions of rights internationally come from? To some extent, this ideology of rights was new because it was expressed at the international level with new vigour, with the horrors of the Second World War and the calculated extermination of Jews, gypsies and others in mind. The discourse of individual rights had a stronger impact on international politics than at any time previously, as did the notion of a right to national self-determination. Yet this new departure for international politics also built upon ideas about rights that had be Topic 7: Public Goods and Externalities Part 3 | Econ2450A: Public Economics 4.3 Dilemmas of climate change In Section 4.1, we looked at claims that climatic change thousands of years ago triggered the movement of people into the ocean, eventually leading to the settling of islands like Tuvalu. We have also seen that these islands only rose out of the ocean because of dynamic geological processes coupled with drama 4.2 Shifting ground In Section 3 and in Section 4 so far, we have begun with the questions of how and why humans found their way to oceanic isl Keep on learning   There are more than 800 courses on OpenLearn for you t Learning outcomes After studying this course, you should be able to: identify the economic issues faced by developing countries in mutilateral trade negotiations describe these issues from a developing country perspective explain how the economic power of nations impinges upon the ability of states to negotiate settlements that are beneficial to them. Introduction Free trade or fair trade? This course will help you to analyse the relationship that exists between developed and developing countries under the World Trade Organization regime of Development Round negotiations. The current world trade regime has a very mixed record in promoting growth and reducing poverty. This OpenLearn course provides a sample of Level 3 study in Author(s): Tackling noise pollution Cyborgs and cybernetics Music in Code Introduction The fascinating phenomenon of superconductivity and its potential applications have attracted the attention of scientists, engineers and businessmen. Intense research has taken place to discover new superconductors, to understand the physics that underlies the properties of superconductors, and to develop new applications for these materials. In this course you will read about the history of superconductors, taking a brief look at their properties. You will also learn about modelling the prop Introduction This course contains material that is essential to learning about music technology. Here you will explore the concept of sound and be introduced to the physics behind travelling pressure waves as the physical manifestation of sound. You will also learn about the subjective perception of pitch and loudness, in particular their relationship to frequency and amplitude. This OpenLearn course provides a sample of Level 2 study in Technology Author(s): Approaches to software development
Activity 1
What is distributive justice?
Raj Chetty
Fall 2012
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