Keep on learning   There are more than 800 courses on OpenLearn for you to 3.1 Competing explanations of social problems If we can agree that poverty is a social problem, we are led to another question: what sort of social problem is it? For some, it is a social problem because people should not be poor: it involves social injustice. For others, poverty is a social problem because poor people behave badly (or bring up children poorly): it involves social disorder. We therefore have another parting of the ways, with some believing that social justice requires poor people to become less poor, and others believing 7.1 The advantages of reuseability
Reuse is the process of building new software from existing software assets, rather than starting from scratch. Reuse is an important factor in building flexible products that can be changed quickly in response to changes in requirements. One of the advantages claimed of object technology is that it encourages a disciplined approach that facilitates reuse. Encapsulation encourages better designs that can be reused in a more reliable way, as there is exact knowledge of which oper 2.1 Mammalian dentition Insects are generally very small animals. Many kinds are hard work to collect and not very nutritious because a high proportion of their mass is a protective and indigestible outer layer, called cuticle. Insectivorous mammals need to eat large numbers of insects to fulfil their energy requirements. Insect eaters have diverse ways of catching and dealing with their prey; teeth play a crucial role. Indeed, teeth are of such enormous significance to mammalian diets in general (and are so r 11.7 References for Reading 4 Horton, R. (2004) ‘The lessons of MMR’, The Lancet, 363, 6 March 2004, pp 747–749 Elsevier. Copyright © 2004 Elsevier. Murch, SH, Anthony, A, Cassen, DH, et al. ‘Retraction of an interpretation’. Lancet 2004; 363:750. Wakefield, AJ, Murch, SH, Anthony, A, et al. ‘Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children’. Lancet 1998; 351:637†11.5 Public engagement Horton, R. (2004) ‘The lessons of MMR’, The Lancet, 363, 6 March 2004, pp 747–749 Elsevier. Copyright © 2004 Elsevier. Many doctors and public-health officials have been frustrated by the debate over MMR. I have shared this frustration. One newspaper fancifully called our recent statement about the 1998 Lancet paper part of an “orchestrated campaign†to bolster MMR programmes.12 In fact, the events leading to today's partial retraction were sud 11.2 Autism research Horton, R. (2004) ‘The lessons of MMR’, The Lancet, 363, 6 March 2004, pp 747–749 Elsevier. Copyright © 2004 Elsevier. In 1943, Leo Kanner described 11 children with a condition that differed “markedly and uniquely from anything reported so farâ€.4 He believed that the characteristics of these children, the fundamental feature of whom was their “inability to relate themselves in the ordinary way to people and situations from the beginning of lifeâ€, The effects of mercury compounds on wildlife and on people Mercury compounds have no effect on plants, but adverse effects have been demonstrated in a wide range of animals, including fish and amphibians (Boening, 2000). Very high levels of mercury have been found in the livers of American alligators in the severely polluted Everglades of Florida; these can be as much as 400 times greater than levels in alligators born and reared in alligator farms (Linder and Grillitsch, 2000). Learning outcomes After studying this course, you should be able to: describe the geological history of the Scottish Highlands give examples of igneous, metamorphic and structurally complex rocks. 4.2.7 Legal periodicals and newspapers The Solicitors’ Journal (Sol Jo or SJ) has been reporting cases since 1856 and some cases are only to be found in its reports. In such circumstances, the reports may be cited in court. The same is also true for cases reported in other journals, such as the New Law Journal (NLJ) or the other specialist legal journals. 1 The role of the courts and the judiciary This course will explore the role of the courts and the judiciary in England and Wales. The English legal system is often referred to as a ‘common law’ legal system. Before medieval times the law in what we now call Great Britain was largely regional. Different regional kingdoms had different law. Over time, the same law was applied by judges across the single kingdom established after 1066 and so became common to all parts of the country. This was known as ‘the common law’. (The comm References Marketing in the 21st Century 5.1 How did we get here? We began this course by posing the question: what is a crime? Shouldn't we be finishing with a clear and unambiguous answer to this? Well we are sorry to disappoint you, if that is what you were expecting, but it doesn't look to us as if there is a simple, unambiguous answer. At the very least, according to Sections 1 and 2 of this chapter, there are: legal and normative definitions of crime; recorded and unrecorded crimes; the crimes we fear and the crimes that fascinate us; and stories of c 9.1 What is a state machine? An event is an occurrence of a phenomenon at a certain moment in time. The occurrence of the event itself is assumed to have no duration. Typically, when an event occurs, it affects the state of an object. A state machine is a model of the behaviour of a single object over time and helps you to understand how that object's state affects its reactions to events. Figure 18 shows a state machine diagram (known as a statechart diagram in the UML) relating to the occupancy of a room in a hot 9 Notes to help you complete your assessment To complete your portfolio, you must include a contents page indicating how your reflective commentary in Part A and your evidence in Part B are related. Click here to view Figure 1 (PDF, 1 page, 0.1MB) Although the requirements of Parts A and B are listed separately, you should think of them as parts of a whole in which each part r 2.5.2 Punctuation Some of the sentences we have looked at are harder to understand than they might be because they are not very well punctuated. Punctuation marks are the ‘stops’ in a sentence that divide it up into parts. They make it easier to follow the meaning of the words. For instance, it is easier to read this sentence of Philip's if we put a comma after ‘wealthy’: With society becoming more wealthy, it was possible for t 2.5.1 Sentences We can see that Philip knows what a sentence is because he writes some perfectly good ones. For example: In many ways going into urban life from the countryside was beneficial to woman of the upperclass. This sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop. It has a subject (urban life) and a main verb (was). As any sentence is, it is a self-contained ‘unit of meaning’. It m 2 Identity and the body In this section of the course you will look at the idea of a body–mind–social split in relation to the theme of identity and the body. You will then use the case study of pop singer Michael Jackson to explore the ideas of the body as an ‘identity project’. 2. Does art have a value? Art has been described as an open concept: a cumulative and developing category of objects and processes, which by its nature is not easily definable. Therefore it might be more relevant to consider how art based activities enhance human aptitudes, abilities and skills. Some of the skills and values gained from the study of art and art history are listed below. For present purposes these can be subdivided into those that are intrinsic (undertaken for their own sake) and those tha
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This free course, Marketing in the 21st century, offers a managerial perspective on how to deliver more effective marketing in an organisation, regardless of whether it is based in the private, public or non-profit sector. This is achieved through a variety of learning techniques, including case studies, videos, activities and group discussions. Supporting this learning, students are encouraged to become critical thinkers about both how they undertake their own decisions, as well as how marketin
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Author(s):
Bennett, A., Cook, P., Miller, J., and Moore, D. (1987) The Complete Beyond the Fringe, Methuen.
Berlin, I. (1969) Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford University Press.
Warburton, N. (1999) Arguments for Freedom, Open University (A211 course book).
Warburton, N. (2000) Thinking from A to Z, Routledge (second edit
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