Kevin Gough
Professor of Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences
Contact
Biography
Kevin Gough graduated with a BSc (Hons) in Biochemistry from the University of Wales, Aberystwyth (1992). He then obtained a PhD in Biochemistry from Aberystwyth, graduating in 1996. His post-doctoral employment includes three years as a research associate at The University of Leicester before becoming a Research Scientist with ADAS. Within 8 years at ADAS, his roles progressed through Senior Research Scientist to Principal Research Scientist and Leader of the ADAS Biotechnology Group. Kevin joined the School of Veterinary Medicine and Science as a Lecturer in Molecular Biochemistry in 2007, became an Associate Professor in 2012, and Professor of Biochemistry and Pathology in 2019. Between 2018 and 2023 I was the Director of UNICAS (a University of Nottingham scheme supporting early stage interdisciplinary collaborations), and from 2022 I have been the Director of Research for the School of Veterinary Medicine and Science.
Expertise Summary
Kevin Gough is Professor of Biochemistry and Pathology within the SVMS.
He has acted as an independent scientific expert on appraisal panels for the Defra TSE Review, for the Food Standards Agency TSE Research Programme Review and for the MRC Prion Research Reviews. He has also been an Editorial Board Member for the journal Scientific Reports.
He has extensive experience of research in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. Techniques include: prion diagnostics, recombinant antibody production, protein purification, monoclonal antibody production, diagnostic PCR and Q-PCR, enzyme kinetics and immunoassay development, next generation phage display, next generation sequencing, biomarker discovery. He also has extensive experience of project and staff management, contract management, bid preparation, results dissemination, business development and commercialisation.
Research Summary
My research is focused on the development and application of novel molecular diagnostics and therapeutics. This includes targeting a range of pathogens, including prions (BSE and scrapie), viruses,… read more
Selected Publications
SPILIOTOPOULOS, A, BLOKPOEL FERRERAS, L, DENSHAM, RM, CAULTON, SG, MADDISON, BC, MORRIS, JR, DIXON, JE, GOUGH, KC and DRIVEN, I, 2018. Discovery of peptide ligands targeting a specific ubiquitin-like domain-binding site in the deubiquitinase USP11 J Biol Chem. 294, 424-436 NAQID, IBRAHIM A., OWEN, JONATHAN P., MADDISON, BEN C., SPILIOTOPOULOS, ANASTASIOS, EMES, RICHARD D., WARRY, ANDREW, TCHORZEWSKA, MONIKA A., MARTELLI, FRANCESCA, GOSLING, REBECCA J., DAVIES, ROBERT H., LA RAGIONE, ROBERTO M. and GOUGH, KEVIN C., 2016. Mapping polyclonal antibody responses to bacterial infection using next generation phage display SCIENTIFIC REPORTS. 6, 24232 KC GOUGH, CA BAKER, HA SIMMONS, SA HAWKINS and BC MADDISON, 2015. Circulation of prions within dust on a scrapie affected farm Vet Res. 46, 40
Research Group Members:
Dr Alison Gray: Research area: the application of next generation phage display technology to reduce animal use in antibody production
Dr Hope Leverett: Research area: the application of next generation phage display technology to reduce animal use in antibody production
Dr Kieran Pitchers: Developing and applying phage display antibody libraries. Aims across projects include to 1) isolate antibodies against viruses for diagnostic and therapeutic application and 2) isolate anti-glycosaminoglycan antibodies as tools to study GAG biology and as diagnostic/drug targeting tools in cancer (see https://www.glycoweb.co.uk/).
Rachel Cruickshank: Research area: Developing cell models for Alzheimer's disease/canine cognitive dysfunction, screening anti-amyloid beta recombinant antibodies for therapuetic efficacy.
Cerys Stock: Research area: developing a novel phage display technology platform to screen for cell-penetrating peptide-fusion proteins that target cancer cells.
Beth Lawrence: Research area: designing and applying phage ligand libraries to isolate anti-glycosaminoglycan ligands as as tools to study GAG biology and to target cancer cells for drug delivery.
Associated group members:
Dr Jon Owen (ADAS): Research areas: Application of next generation phage display applied to the development of novel ligands.
Keith Bishop (ADAS): Research areas: Prion diagnostics and understanding the role of environmental reservoirs in scrapie transmission.
Dr Karina Bingham (UoN): Research areas: Developing and applying phage display antibody libraries to isolate antibodies against viruses for diagnostic and therapeutic application.
Collaborators:
Dr Ben Maddison (ADAS)
Professor Janet Daly (SVMS, University of Nottingham)
Dr Cathy Merry (School of Medicine, University of Nottingham)
Dr Robert Atterbury (SVMS, University of Nottingham)
Dr Cinzia Allegrucci (SVMS, University of Nottingham)
Dr Helen Rees (ADAS)
Dr James Dixon (School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham)
Current Research
My research is focused on the development and application of novel molecular diagnostics and therapeutics. This includes targeting a range of pathogens, including prions (BSE and scrapie), viruses, parasites and bacteria. Non-infectious diseases are also targeted, including Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Research is also carried out into the application of molecular diagnostic methods to monitor endangered wildlife species.
Next generation phage display: Our design of novel diagnostics is centred around ligand display systems and particularly the display of recombinant antibody fragments and peptides on filamentous bacteriophage. Peptide phage-display libraries have proved useful for mapping epitopes of monoclonal antibodies, and the isolation of ligands that bind specifically to a range of target molecules. This technology also allows the isolation of peptides capable of disrupting specific protein-protein interactions. In the form of antibody phage-display libraries this technology is a powerful in vitro technique that allows the selection of antibodies with defined properties from vast libraries of binders. This allows the isolation of antibodies with exquisite selectivity between closely related molecules, and by removing the need for immunization it allows the production of antibodies against toxic or non-antigenic molecules. To date, we have applied phage-display methods to isolate ligands against a wide range of molecular targets including host cell surfaces, pathogen surface molecules, proteins, peptides and haptens. In recent years, we have coupled the vast diversity of phage display libraries with the screening power of next generation sequencing, a process called next generation phage display (NGPD). This novel technique allows the highly efficient selection of a wide range of specific ligands.
Protein misfolding diseases. Our main research focus is on prion diseases (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, TSEs). These are fatal neurological disorders that are marked by long incubation periods. TSEs have been described in a number of mammalian species and include scrapie in sheep and goats, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, chronic wasting disease in deer and elk and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. These diseases are irreversible and invariably fatal; there is compelling evidence that the BSE agent has crossed the species barrier and is the causal agent of vCJD in humans. According to the protein only hypothesis, the causal agent appears to be novel, an infectious misfolded version (PrPSc) of a host protein (PrPC) which encodes transmissible strain characteristics in the absence of any detectable nucleic acid. Our research includes the elucidation of the routes of scrapie transmission and the environmental fate of the TSE agent, the strain typing of ruminant TSEs to study emerging strains, and the pre-mortem diagnosis of TSE diseases. Using NGPD, we are also developing novel ligands that bind specifically to misfolded proteins involved in Alzheimer's disease and prion diseases, in order to apply them as therapeutic and diagnostic tools.
The development of serodiagnostics and therapeutics to infectious diseases. NGPD is being applied in our research to epitope-map immune responses to disease, both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated, to improve diagnostics and develop novel peptide vaccines. Ongoing research is on a range of viral infection in ruminants and humans (West Nile virus, Rift Valley fever virus, louping ill virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, dengue virus, and Zika virus). Our research is leading to the development of assays to differentiate closely related infections and also vaccinated from infected animals (so-called DIVA tests). Fasciola hepatica infection of cattle and sheep, this parasite causes livestock mortality and reductions in productivity. Our research aims to develop novel multi-component vaccines. Salmonella and E. coli infections of pigs and poultry. These infections place significant economic burdens on livestock industries and zoonotic serovars represent some of the most common foodborne pathogens affecting human health. Our research aims to identify antimicrobial peptides that can specifically target pathogenic bacterial species.
Targeting cancer. We are applying NGPD to map autoantibody responses to a range of cancers with the aim to develop novel biomarkers. We are also applying the technique in conjunction with a cell penetrating peptide system to develop tumour-specific transduction cassette for efficient drug delivery.
MARÍN‐MORENO, A, BENESTAD, S.L., BARRIO, T., PIRISINU, L., ESPINOSA, J. C., TRAN, L., HUOR, A., DI BARI, M.A., ERAÑA, H., MADDISON, B.C., D’AGOSTINO, C., FERNÁNDEZ‐BORGES, N., CANOYRA, S., JEREZ‐GARRIDO, N., CASTILLA, J., SPIROPOULOS, J., BISHOP, K., GOUGH, K.C., NONNO, R., VÅGE, J., ANDRÉOLETTI, O. and TORRES, J.M., 2024. Classical BSE dismissed as the cause of CWD
in Norwegian red deer despite strain similarities between both prion agents Veterinary Research. 55, 62 ANGANI, M.T., OWEN, J.P., MADDISON, B.C. and GOUGH, K.C., 2024. Isolation of phage-antibodies against Eimeria species that infect chickens Journal of Immunological Methods. 534, 113759 SPILIOTOPOULOS, A., MAURER, S.K., TSOUMPELI, M.T., BONFANTE, J.A., OWEN, J.P., GOUGH, K.C. and DREVENY, I., 2023. Next-Generation Phage Display to Identify Peptide Ligands of Deubiquitinases, In: Maupin-Furlow, J., Edelmann, M.J. (eds) Deubiquitinases. Methods Mol Biol. 2591, 189-208 DALY, JM, SOON, TL and GOUGH, KC, 2023. Therapeutic phage display-derived single-domain antibodies (VHH) for pandemic preparedness Antibodies. Online,
TSOUMPELI, M.T., VARGHESE, A., OWEN, J.P., MADDISON, B.C., DALY, J.M. and GOUGH, K.C., 2023. Mapping Polyclonal Antibody Responses to Infection Using Next-Generation Phage Display. In: Hust, M., Lim, T.S. (eds) Phage Display. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2702, 467-487 TSOUMPELI MT, GRAY A, PARSONS AL, SPILIOTOPOULOS A, OWEN JP, BISHOP K, MADDISON BC and GOUGH KC, 2022. A Simple Whole-Plasmid PCR Method to Construct High-Diversity Synthetic Phage Display Libraries Mol Biotechnology. 64, 791-803 CHONG, A., FOSTER, J.D., GOLDMANN, W., GONZALEZ, L., JEFFREY, M., O'CONNOR, M.J., BISHOP, K., MADDISON, B.C., HOUSTON, E.F., GOUGH, K.C. and HUNTER, N., 2021. BSE can propagate in sheep co‐infected or pre‐infected
with scrapie Scientific Reports. 11, 11931 GOUGH KC, BAKER CA, HAWKINS S, SIMMONS H, KONOLD T and MADDISON BC, 2019. Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal Veterinary Record. 184, 97 SOMERVILLE RA, FERNIE K, SMITH A, BISHOP K, MADDISON BC, GOUGH KC and HUNTER N, 2019. BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread Arch. Virol.. 164, 1135-1145 READER, RH, WORKMAN, RG, MADDISON, BC and GOUGH, KC, 2019. Advances in the production and batch reformatting of phage antibody libraries Molecular Biotechnology. (online), HELEN C REES and KEVIN C GOUGH, 2018. Great crested newt eDNA laboratory quality systems, proficiency testing and interpretation of results CIEEM inpractice. 99, 24-27
LYNSEY R HARPER, LORI LAWSON HANDLEY, CHRISTOPH HAHN, NEIL BOONHAM, HELEN C REES, KEVIN C GOUGH, ERIN LEWIS, IAN P ADAMS, PETER BROTHERTON, SUSANNA PHILLIPS and BERND HÄNFLING, 2018. Needle in a haystack? A comparison of eDNA metabarcoding and targeted qPCR for detection of great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) Ecology and Evolution. 8, 6330-6341
SPILIOTOPOULOS, A, BLOKPOEL FERRERAS, L, DENSHAM, RM, CAULTON, SG, MADDISON, BC, MORRIS, JR, DIXON, JE, GOUGH, KC and DRIVEN, I, 2018. Discovery of peptide ligands targeting a specific ubiquitin-like domain-binding site in the deubiquitinase USP11 J Biol Chem. 294, 424-436 STAVROU, A, DALY, J, MADDISON, B, GOUGH, K and TARLINTON, R, 2017. How is Europe positioned for a re-emergence of Schmallenberg virus? The Veterinary Journal. 222, 52-53
GOUGH KC, BAKER CA and MADDISON BC, 2017. An in vitro model for assessing effective scrapie decontamination Veterinary Microbiology. 207, 138-142 AHMAD K, TWELL D, GOUGH KC and MADDISON KC, 2017. Expression of four S. pneumoniae type 2 polysaccharide biosynthetic enzymes utilising the endogenous Kex2 protease activity in tobacco Pak. J. Pharm. Sci.. 30(2), 439-448
HELEN C. REES, CLAIRE A. BAKER, DAVID S. GARDNER, BEN C. MADDISON and KEVIN C. GOUGH, 2017. The detection of great crested newts
year round via environmental DNA analysis BMC Research Notes. 10, 327 NAQID, IBRAHIM A., OWEN, JONATHAN P., MADDISON, BEN C., SPILIOTOPOULOS, ANASTASIOS, EMES, RICHARD D., WARRY, ANDREW, TCHORZEWSKA, MONIKA A., MARTELLI, FRANCESCA, GOSLING, REBECCA J., DAVIES, ROBERT H., LA RAGIONE, ROBERTO M. and GOUGH, KEVIN C., 2016. Mapping polyclonal antibody responses to bacterial infection using next generation phage display SCIENTIFIC REPORTS. 6, 24232 NAQID IA, OWEN JP, MADDISON BC, SPILIOTOPOULOS A, EMES RD, WARRY A, FLYNN RJ, MARTELLI F, GOSLING RJ, DAVIES RH, LA RAGIONE RM and GOUGH KC, 2016. Mapping B-cell responses to Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis in chickens for the discrimination of infected from vaccinated animals. Scientific reports. 6, 31186 GOUGH KC, BISHOP K, SOMERVILLE R and HUNTER N, 2016. A sensitive 301V BSE serial PMCA assay F1000Research. 5, 2529 SULAIMAN AM, ZOLNIERCZYK K, JAPA O, OWEN JP, MADDISON BC, EMES RD, HODGKIN J, GOUGH KC and FLYNN RJ, 2016. A trematode parasite derived growth factor binds and exerts influences on host immune functions via host cytokine receptor complexes PLoS Pathog. 12(11), e1005991 SPILIOTOPOULOS, A, OWEN, JP, MADDISON, BC, DREVENY, I, REES, HC and GOUGH, KC, 2015. Sensitive recovery of recombinant antibody clones after their in silico identification within NGS datasets J Immunol Meth. 420, 50-55 DALY, JM, KING, B, TARLINTON, R, GOUGH, KC, MADDISON, BC and BLOWEY, R, 2015. Comparison of Schmallenberg virus antibody levels detected in milk and serum from individual cows BMC Vet Res. 11, 56 KC GOUGH, CA BAKER, HA SIMMONS, SA HAWKINS and BC MADDISON, 2015. Circulation of prions within dust on a scrapie affected farm Vet Res. 46, 40 REES, HC, GOUGH, KC, MIDDLEDITCH, DJ, PATMORE, JRM and MADDISON, BC, 2015. Applications and limitations of measuring environmental DNA as indicators of the presence of aquatic animals J. Appl. Ecol. 52, 827-831 SIMMONS, M.M., CHAPLIN, M.J., VICKERY, C.M., SIMON, S., DAVIS, L., DENYER, M., LOCKEY, R., STACK, M.J., O'CONNOR, M.J., BISHOP, K., GOUGH, K.C., MADDISON, B.C., THORNE, L. and SPIROPOULOS, J., 2015. Does the presence of scrapie affect the ability of current statutory discriminatory tests to detect the presence of BSE? J. Clin. Micro.. 53, 8 GOUGH KC, MADDISON BC, SHIKOTRA A, MOISEEVA EP, YANG W, JARVIS S and BRADDING P, 2015. Evidence for a novel Kit adhesion domain mediating human mast cell adhesion to structural airway cells Respiratory Research. 16, 86 KONOLD, T., HAWKINS, S.A.C., THURSTON, L.C., MADDISON, B.C., GOUGH, K.C., DUARTE, T. and SIMMONS, H.A., 2015. Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2, 32 GOUGH KC, REES HC, IVES SE and MADDISON BC, 2015. Methods for Differentiating Prion Types in Food-Producing Animals Biology. 4(4), 785-813 SMITH, C.M, FRY, S.C., GOUGH, K.C., PATEL, A.J.F., GLENN, S., HAWES, W.H., GOLDRICH, M., ROBERTS, I.S., WHITELAM, G.C. and ANDREW. P.W., 2014. Recombinant Plants Provide a New Approach to the Production of Bacterial Polysaccharide for Vaccines PLoSONE. 9(2), e88144 REES, H.C., GOUGH, K.C., MIDDLEDITCH, D.J., PATMORE, J.R.M. and MADDISON, B.C., 2014. The Detection of Aquatic Animal Species using Environmental DNA - a review of eDNA as a survey tool in Ecology Journal of Applied Ecology. REES, H.C., BISHOP, K., MIDDLEDITCH, D.J., PATMORE, J.R.J., MADDISON, B.C. and GOUGH, K.C., 2014. The application of eDNA for monitoring of the Great Crested Newt in the UK Ecology and Evolution. NAQID, I.A., OWEN, J.P., MADDISON, B.C., GARDNER, D.S., FOSTER, N., TCHORZEWSKA, M.A., LA RAGIONE, R.M. and GOUGH, KC, 2014. Prebiotic and probiotic agents enhance antibody-based immune responses to Salmonella Typhimurium infection in pigs Animal Feed Science and Technology. GOUGH, K.C., BAKER, C.A., REES, H.C., TERRY, L.A., SPIROPOULOS, J., THORNE, L. and MADDISON, B.C., 2012. The oral secretion of scrapie prions occurs in pre-clinical sheep with a range of PRNP genotypes Journal of Virology. 86(1), 566-571 MADDISON, B.C. AND GOUGH K.C., 2012. Scrapie dissemination and environmental persistence Goat Vet. Soc. J.. 28, 25-32
MADDISON, B.C., OWEN, J.P., TAEMA, M.M., SHAW, G. and GOUGH, K.C., 2012. Temperature influences the interaction of ruminant PrPTSE with soil Prion. 6(3), 302–308 THORNE, L, HOLDER, T, RAMSAY, A, EDWARD, J, TAEMA, M, MADDISON, B C, GOUGH, K C and TERRY, L A, 2012. In vitro amplification of ovine prions from scrapie-infected sheep from Great Britain reveals distinct patterns of propagation BMC Vet Res. 8, 223 TERRY L.A, HOWELLS, L, BISHOP K, BAKER C.A, EVEREST S, THORNE L and MADDISON B.C. AND GOUGH K.C., 2011. Detection of prions in the faeces of sheep naturally infected with scrapie Vet. Res.. 42, 65 GOUGH, K.C and JARVIS, S. AND MADDISON B.C., 2011. Development of competitive immunoassays to hydroxyl containing fungicide metabolites Env. Sci. Health, Part B.. 46, 581-589 TARLINTON, RE, YON, L, KLISCH, K, TOTEMEYER, S and GOUGH, KC, 2011. Confidence As A Barrier To The Use Of Problem-Based Learning In Veterinary Undergraduate Students Journal Of Veterinary Medical Education. 38(3), 305-310 TAEMA MM, MADDISON BC, THORNE L, BISHOP K, OWEN J, HUNTER N, BAKER CA, TERRY LA and GOUGH KC, 2011. Differentiating Ovine Bse From Ch1641 Scrapie By Serial Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification. Molecular Biotechnology. 51(3), 233-9 FEATHER, L, GOUGH, K and FLYNN, R.J. AND ELSHEIKHA, H., 2010. A retrospective investigation into risk factors of sarcoptic mange in dogs. Parasitology Research. 107, 279-283 MADDISON B.M, OWEN, J.P, BISHOP, K, SHAW, G and REES H.C. AND GOUGH K.C., 2010. The interaction of ruminant PrPSc with soils is influenced by prion source and soil-type Env. Sci. Technol.. 44, 8503-8508. MADDISON, B.C., BAKER, C.A., TERRY, L.A., BELLWORTHY, S.J., THORNE L, and REES, L., 2010. Environmental sources of scrapie prions Journal of Virology. 84(21), 11560-1562 MADDISON, B.C., REES, H.C., BAKER, C.A., TAEMA, M., BELLWORTHY, S.J., THORNE, L., TERRY, L.A. GOUGH, K.C. and GOUGH, K.C., 2010. Prions are secreted into the oral cavity in sheep with preclinical scrapie Journal of Infectious Diseases. 201(11), 1672-1676 MADDISON, B.C., BAKER, C.A., REES, H.C., TERRY, L.A., THORNE, L., BELLWORTHY, S.J., WHITELAM G.C. and AND GOUGH, K.C., 2009. Prions are secreted in milk from clinically normal scrapie-exposed sheep Journal of Virology. 83(16), 58578 REES, H.C, MADDISON, B.C, OWEN, J.P and WHITELAM, G.C. AND GOUGH, K.C., 2009. Concentration of disease-associated prion protein with silicon dioxide. Molecular Biotechnology. 41, 254-262 OWEN, J.P., REES, H.C., MADDISON, B.C., TERRY, L.A., THORNE, L., JACKMAN, R., WHITELAM, G.C. and GOUGH, K.C., 2007. Molecular profiling of ovine prion diseases by using thermolysin-resistant PrPSc and endogenous C2 PrP fragments Journal of Virology. 81(19), 10532-10539 MADDISON, B.C., WHITELAM, G.C. and GOUGH, K.C., 2007. Cellular prion protein in ovine milk. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 353(1), 195-199 OWEN, JONATHAN P, MADDISON, BEN C, WHITELAM, GARRY C and GOUGH, KEVIN C, 2007. Use of thermolysin in the diagnosis of prion diseases. Molecular Biotechnology. 35(2), 161-70 LA RAGIONE, R.M., PATEL, S., MADDISON, B., WOODWARD, M.J., BEST, A., WHITELAM, G.C. and GOUGH, K.C., 2006. Recombinant anti-EspA antibodies block Escherichia coli O157:H7-induced attaching and effacing lesions in vitro. Microbes and Infection. 8(2), 426-433 MADDISON, B.C., PATEL,S., JAMES, R.F., CONLON, H.E., OIDTMANN, B., BAIER, M., WHITELAM, G.C and GOUGH, K.C., 2005. Generation and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies to Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) prion protein. Journal of Immunological Methods. 306, 202-210. KÜHNE, S.A., HAWES, W.S., LA RAGIONE, R.M., WOODWARD, M.J., WHITELAM, G.C. and GOUGH, K.C., 2004. Isolation of recombinant antibodies against EspA and intimin of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 42(7), 2966-2976 GOUGH, K.C. and WHITELAM, G.C., 2003. Production of Antibodies using Transgenic Plants. In: SINGH, R.P. and JAIWAL, P.K., eds., Plant genetic engineering: Applications and limitations 1. Sci Tech Publishing LLC, U.S.A.. 261-277
GOUGH, K.C., LI, Y. and WHITELAM, G.C., 2002. Phage-Display Libraries. In: GILMARTIN, P. and BOWLER, C., eds., Molecular Aspects of Plant Biology: Practical Approach Series IRL Press Ltd., Eynsham, Oxford. 221-236
BISHOP, K, GOUGH, K, MAHONEY, S, SMITH, A and ROGERS, L, 1999. Synechococcus mutants resistant to an enamine mechanism inhibitor of glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase. FEBS Letters. 450(1-2), 57-60 GOUGH, K C, COCKBURN, W and WHITELAM, G C, 1999. Selection of phage-display peptides that bind to cucumber mosaic virus coat protein. Journal of Virological Methods. 79(2), 169-80 GOUGH, K C, LI, Y, VAUGHAN, T J, WILLIAMS, A J, COCKBURN, W and WHITELAM, G C, 1999. Selection of phage antibodies to surface epitopes of Phytophthora infestans. Journal of Immunological Methods. 228(1-2), 97-108