2.1 History The Council of Europe was set up in 1949. It is an intergovernmental organisation (based in Strasbourg, France) set up to protect human rights, promote cultural diversity and to combat social problems such as intolerance. Its creation was seen as a way of achieving a European approach to the protection of certain individual rights. Although presented now as historical events, the horrors of what had taken place in the Second World War were then fresh in the minds of the governments and
6.8 Extrinsic aids Extrinsic aids are matters which may help put an Act into context. Sources include previous Acts of Parliament on the same topic, earlier case law, dictionaries of the time, and the historical setting. In addition, Hansard can now be considered. Hansard is the official report of what was said in Parliament when the Act was debated. The use of Hansard was permitted following the decision in Pepper (Inspector of Taxes) v Hart (1993) where the House of Lords accepted that Hansard could be
6.7 Intrinsic aids Intrinsic aids are matters within an Act itself which may help make the meaning clearer. The court may consider the long title, the short title and any preamble. Other useful internal aids may include headings before a group of sections and any schedules attached to the Act. There are also often marginal notes explaining different sections; however, these are not generally regarded as giving Parliament's intention as they will have been inserted after parliamentary debates and are only helpfu
6.4 The mischief rule This third rule gives a judge more discretion than either the literal or the golden rule. This rule requires the court to look to what the law was before the statute was passed in order to discover what gap or mischief the statute was intended to cover. The court is then required to interpret the statute in such a way to ensure that the gap is covered. The rule is contained in Heydon's Case (1584), where it was said that for the true interpretation of a statute, four things have to be
3.4.1 Try some yourself 1 For each of the following calculations make suitable rough estimates before doing the calculation on your calculator and check the result. (a) 22.12 ÷ 4.12 (b) 0.897 × 1.3.2 The mean The mean, or the arithmetic mean as it is sometimes called, is found by adding together all the numbers in the batch and then dividing by the batch size. Thus, for the batch of heights, 1.3.1: The mean and the median This subsection looks at two ways of finding an ‘average’. The first produces the mean, which is what was originally meant by ‘average’, and what most people think of when they talk about an average. The second gives the median, which might more accurately be described as a ‘typical’ or middle value. They will be illustrated using the following batch of heights. The heights in metres (measured to the nearest centimetre) of a group of seven people are as follows Acknowledgements The content acknowledged below is Proprietary (see terms and conditions) and is used under licence. Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this unit: The content acknowledged below is Proprietary and is used under licence. The following material is proprietary (and not subject to Creative Commons Licence) and used under licence (see terms and conditions): 6.5.1 Another ‘making a lawn’ solution Suppose you have some friends who are planning to put a new lawn in their garden. The lawn is to be 12 m by 14 m and they have a choice of either laying turf or sowing grass seed. You have been asked to help them decide between the two. 6.5 Solutions to ‘making a lawn’ Learning from the marking of the previous questions, write out a good solution to the following problem. Suppose you have some friends who are planning to put a new lawn in their garden. The lawn is to be 12 m by 14 m and they have a choice of either laying turf or sow 3.3.1 Try some yourself 1 If tomatoes cost 75 pence per kg, how much would 1.45 kg cost in pounds (£)? The formula is cost of tomatoes = (price per kilogram) × (number of k 3.1 Word formulas A formula is a rule or a generalisation. Word formulas – formulas that use English words rather than mathematical symbols – are so much a part of life that people often use them without realising that they are doing so. Here are some examples. The cost of a purchase of oranges is the price per orange times the number of oranges. The total cost of petrol is the price of petrol per litre times the number of litres. 2.7 Powers and roots There are several symbols for powers and roots: for instance, 24 means ‘2 to the power 4’. An alternative to 24 is 2 2.6.2 Try some yourself 1 Read the following expression out aloud or write it out in full in words: (a) 3 × 4 + 3 × 5 = 3 (4 + 5). 2.5.1 Try some yourself 1 How would you add the following words to the list:  decimal, fraction, positive, negative. For each one, give the mathematical meaning and an example of its use. 2.5 Vocabulary In mathematics, some words are used in a more precise way than in English. It is important that a mathematical argument is unambiguous; therefore words that can be used in several contexts in English usually take only one meaning in mathematics. For instance, in English the word ‘sum’ might mean any calculation, but it has a precise mathematical meaning as exemplified by ‘The sum of 456 and 789 is 1245’. Similarly, in English the word ‘product’ can have a variety of meanings, but 2.4.1 Try some yourself 1 Two labels have been omitted in the mathematics below. Where should they go to make sense of the argument? Since 2.4 Labelling lines Sometimes you may want to refer to mathematical sentences or phrases further up your work. You can label such sentences and then refer back by label. Thus, Example 3 could be laid out as follows. So, from (1) and (2), 2.3.1 Try some yourself 1 In the following two pieces of mathematical writing, remove or replace any inappropriate equals signs, and add link words and punctuation to help somebody else understand the mathematics. (a) 2.3 Link words A lot of people use the equals sign wrongly in places where another word or phrase might actually make the meaning clearer. Sometimes a link word or phrase is useful at the beginning of a mathematical sentence: examples include ‘So’, ‘This implies’ or ‘It follows that’ or ‘Hence’.
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Example 18 Making a lawn
Example 18: Making a lawn
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Example 3
