Jonathan Ball

Contact

• workRoom Microbiology, A Floor West Block QMC
  Queen's Medical Centre
  Nottingham
  NG7 2UH
  UK
• work0115 82 30745
• fax0115 82 30759
• jonathan.ball@nottingham.ac.uk
• www.nottingham.ac.uk/mol

Expertise Summary

We coordinate an international translational hepatitis C virus (HCV) research program. Major achievements include: (i) identification and characterisation of potent and broadly neutralising murine and human monoclonal antibodies; these antibodies and their epitopes are the subject of several patents, (ii) identification of glycoprotein domains and residues critical for receptor binding, entry and infectivity, and (iii) the generation of new methods and the construction of tools for HCV glycoprotein research. The virology group also has an active interest in HIV pathogenesis and prevention. Ongoing studies focus on viral factors that influence sexual transmission. This work has led to (i) the discovery that selective transmission of CCR5-tropic HIV is not due to selective expression of CCR5 in the female and male genital tract, and (ii) that different anatomical sites (e.g. brain and semen) harbour HIV strains that exhibit unusual phenotypic properties not represented by strains circulating in the periphery.

Research Summary

Studies of the causes and effects of HIV and HCV quasispecies evolution. We are particularly interested in understanding how genetic variability influences envelope glycoprotein structure and… read more

Selected Publications

• LAW, M., MARUYAMA, T., LEWIS, J., GIANG, E., TARR, A.W., STAMATAKI, Z., GASTAMINZA, P., CHISARI, F.V., JONES, I.M., FOX, R.I., BALL, J.K., MCKEATING, J.A., KNETEMAN, N.M. and BURTON, D.R., 2008. Broadly neutralizing antibodies protect against hepatitis C virus quasispecies challenge Nature Medicine. 14(1), 25-27
• BROWN, R.J.P., PETERS, P.J., CARON, C., GONZALEZ-PEREZ, M.P., STONES, L., ANKGHUAMBOM, C., PONDEI, K., MCCLURE, C.P., ALEMNJI, G., TAYLOR, S., SHARP, P.M., CLAPHAM, P.R. and BALL, J.K., 2011. Intercompartmental recombination of HIV-1 contributes to env intrahost diversity and modulates viral tropism and sensitivity to entry inhibitors Journal of Virology. 85(12), 6024-6037
• TARR, A.W., URBANOWICZ, R.A., JAYARAJ, D., BROWN, R.J.P., MCKEATING, J.A., IRVING, W.L. and BALL, J.K., 2012. Naturally occurring antibodies that recognize linear epitopes in the amino terminus of the hepatitis C virus E2 protein confer noninterfering, additive neutralization Journal of Virology. 86(5), 2739-2749
• TARR, A. W., URBANOWICZ, R. A., HAMED, M. R., ALBECKA, A., MCCLURE, C. P., BROWN, R. J., IRVING, W. L., DUBUISSON, J. and BALL, J. K., 2011. Hepatitis C patient-derived glycoproteins exhibit marked differences in susceptibility to serum neutralizing antibodies: genetic subtype defines antigenic but not neutralization serotype: J Virol J Virol. 85(9), 4246-57

• View all publications

Following my British Science Association media fellowship at the BBC, I have become an avid science communicator. Here are some of my online and radio pieces, and I am always looking for opportunities for more, so please get in touch!

Broadcast radio packages

1. Report on global warming and increased risk of exotic viral infections. BBC World Service Health Check. First broadcast on 19^th September 2012 and repeated on 20^th and 23^rd September 2012.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00ys6mq

2. Report on the science of viral zoonoses. BBC World Service Science in Action. First broadcast on 4^th October 2012 and repeated on the 5^th October 2012.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00yk1pw

Published articles since fellowship

1. Expert opinion: Schmallenberg virus is here to stay

https://www.agra-net.net/agra/animal-pharm/regions/europe/schmallenberg-virus-is-here-to-stay-says-uk-academic-29565.htm

2. Viewpoint: Farm virus spreads to deer

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21541997

3. What Ebola virus means for primate populations

http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/20593634

4. Winter bugs: A yearly battle for dominance

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-20910554

Published articles

1. English language 'originated in Turkey'

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19368988

2. More planets could harbour life

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-1954518

3. Fish oils 'help slow age decline'

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19494801

4. Goby fish 6,000km apart share eyeless common ancestor

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19440500

5. Nanoparticle 'risk' to food crops

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19320267

6. Neanderthal breeding idea doubted

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19250778

7. Fruit flies learn to spot eligible females by smell

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-1929906

8. Lethal snake viruses identified

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19261506

9. System could warn of solar storms

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19276003

10. Triassic amber yields 'ancient mites'

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19400520

11. Karate punching power 'all in the brain'

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19290320

12. Chimpanzee grooming is a 'postcode lottery'

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19410351

13. 'Super soup' test in asthma trial

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19514334

14. Brian Cox: Science cash hike 'a wise gamble'

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19513921

15. Antarctica warmth 'unusual, but not unique'

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19348427

16. Small dinosaur 'hunted like cat'

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19426885

17. Nudge tactics 'no magic bullet'

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19506608

18. Stereotypes 'evolve like language', say researchers

www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19487021

Radio production and research

1. Identified and researched item on potential use of bateriophage for the treatment of acne. BBC World Service Health Check. First broadcast on 26^th September and repeated on 27^th September 2012.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00z1jx9

2. Researched and prepared briefing notes for items on Integrated Assessment Models and on bumblebee navigation and helped with production. BBC Radio 4 Material World. First broadcast on 20^th September and repeated on 24^th September 2012.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01mqq9x

3. Researched and prepared briefing notes for an item celebrating the anniversary of the publication of the book Silent Spring and helped with production. BBC Radio 4 Material World. First broadcast on 27^th September 2012.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01mwzwj

Current Research

Studies of the causes and effects of HIV and HCV quasispecies evolution. We are particularly interested in understanding how genetic variability influences envelope glycoprotein structure and function, and defining the host antibody response to these proteins. Ultimately we aim to use this knowledge to design new antibody-based vaccines and treatments.

Following a recent British Science Association Media Fellowship, I have become a science communicator convert and continue to write scientific articles for outlets such as BBC Online.

Future Research

Clinical trials of hepatitis C virus antibodies and pre-clinical trials of antibody based vaccines.

• CP MCCLURE, C BOWMAN, I GEARY, C RYAN, JK BALL and A ELEY, 2013. HIV-1 co-receptor expression and epithelial immune cells of the cervix in asymptomatic women attending a genitourinary medicine clinic HIV Med.. 14(2), 108-14
• EDWARDS, V. C., TARR, A. W., URBANOWICZ, R. A. and BALL, J. K., 2012. The role of neutralizing antibodies in hepatitis C virus infection: J Gen Virol J Gen Virol. 93(Pt 1), 1-19
• TARR, A.W., URBANOWICZ, R.A., JAYARAJ, D., BROWN, R.J.P., MCKEATING, J.A., IRVING, W.L. and BALL, J.K., 2012. Naturally occurring antibodies that recognize linear epitopes in the amino terminus of the hepatitis C virus E2 protein confer noninterfering, additive neutralization Journal of Virology. 86(5), 2739-2749
• BROWN RJ, HUDSON N, WILSON G, UR REHMAN S, JABBARI S, HU K, TARR AW, BORROW P, JOYCE M, LEWIS J, ZHU LF, LAW M, KNETEMAN N, TYRRELL DL, MCKEATING JA and BALL JK, 2012. Hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein fitness defines virus population composition following transmission to a new host. Journal of Virology. 86(22), 11956-66
• TARR AW, URBANOWICZ R and BALL JK, 2012. The role of humoral innate immunity in hepatitis C virus infection Viruses. 4(1), 1-27
• TARR, A. W., URBANOWICZ, R. A., HAMED, M. R., ALBECKA, A., MCCLURE, C. P., BROWN, R. J., IRVING, W. L., DUBUISSON, J. and BALL, J. K., 2011. Hepatitis C patient-derived glycoproteins exhibit marked differences in susceptibility to serum neutralizing antibodies: genetic subtype defines antigenic but not neutralization serotype: J Virol J Virol. 85(9), 4246-57
• SABO, M. C., LUCA, V. C., PRENTOE, J., HOPCRAFT, S. E., BLIGHT, K. J., YI, M., LEMON, S. M., BALL, J. K., BUKH, J., EVANS, M. J., FREMONT, D. H. and DIAMOND, M. S., 2011. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against hepatitis C virus E2 protein bind discontinuous epitopes and inhibit infection at a postattachment step: J Virol J Virol. 85(14), 7005-19
• MUSICH, T., PETERS, P. J., DUENAS-DECAMP, M. J., GONZALEZ-PEREZ, M. P., ROBINSON, J., ZOLLA-PAZNER, S., BALL, J. K., LUZURIAGA, K. and CLAPHAM, P. R., 2011. A conserved determinant in the V1 loop of HIV-1 modulates the V3 loop to prime low CD4 use and macrophage infection Journal of Virology. 85(5), 2397-2405
• BROWN, R.J.P., PETERS, P.J., CARON, C., GONZALEZ-PEREZ, M.P., STONES, L., ANKGHUAMBOM, C., PONDEI, K., MCCLURE, C.P., ALEMNJI, G., TAYLOR, S., SHARP, P.M., CLAPHAM, P.R. and BALL, J.K., 2011. Intercompartmental recombination of HIV-1 contributes to env intrahost diversity and modulates viral tropism and sensitivity to entry inhibitors Journal of Virology. 85(12), 6024-6037
• ALBECKA, A., MONTSERRET, R., KREY, T., TARR, A. W., DIESIS, E., BALL, J. K., DESCAMPS, V., DUVERLIE, G., REY, F., PENIN, F. and DUBUISSON, J., 2011. Identification of new functional regions in hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2: J Virol J Virol. 85(4), 1777-92
• CATANESE, M. T., ANSUINI, H., GRAZIANI, R., HUBY, T., MOREAU, M., BALL, J. K., PAONESSA, G., RICE, C. M., CORTESE, R., VITELLI, A. and NICOSIA, A., 2010. Role of scavenger receptor class B type I in hepatitis C virus entry: kinetics and molecular determinants: J Virol J Virol. 84(1), 34-43
• BROWN, K. S., KEOGH, M. J., OWSIANKA, A. M., ADAIR, R., PATEL, A. H., ARNOLD, J. N., BALL, J. K., SIM, R. B., TARR, A. W. and HICKLING, T. P., 2010. Specific interaction of hepatitis C virus glycoproteins with mannan binding lectin inhibits virus entry: Protein Cell Protein Cell. 1(7), 664-74
• MANCINI, N., DIOTTI, R. A., PEROTTI, M., SAUTTO, G., CLEMENTI, N., NITTI, G., PATEL, A. H., BALL, J. K., CLEMENTI, M. and BURIONI, R., 2009. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may elicit neutralizing antibodies targeting epitopes conserved in all viral genotypes: PLoS One PLoS One. 4(12), e8254
• HAMED, M.R.B., TARR, A.W., MCCLURE, C.P., BALL, J.K., HICKLING, T.P. and IRVING, W.L., 2008. Association of antibodies to hepatitis C virus glycoproteins 1 and 2 (anti-E1E2) with HCV disease Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 15(5), 339-345
• PETERS, PAUL J, DUENAS-DECAMP, MARIA J, SULLIVAN, W MATTHEW, BROWN, RICHARD, ANKGHUAMBOM, CHIAMBAH, LUZURIAGA, KATHERINE, ROBINSON, JAMES, BURTON, DENNIS R, BELL, JEANNE, SIMMONDS, PETER and BALL, JONATH, 2008. Variation in HIV-1 R5 macrophage-tropism correlates with sensitivity to reagents that block envelope: CD4 interactions but not with sensitivity to other entry inhibitors. Retrovirology. 5, 5
• KECK, ZHEN-YONG, LI, TA-KAI, XIA, JINMING, GAL-TANAMY, MEITAL, OLSON, OAKLEY, LI, SOPHIA H, PATEL, ARVIND H, BALL, JONATHAN K, LEMON, STANLEY M and FOUNG, STEVEN K H, 2008. Definition of a conserved immunodominant domain on hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein by neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies. Journal of virology. 82(12), 6061-6
• OWSIANKA, ANIA M, TARR, ALEXANDER W, KECK, ZHEN-YONG, LI, TA-KAI, WITTEVELDT, JEROEN, ADAIR, RICHARD, FOUNG, STEVEN K H, BALL, JONATHAN K and PATEL, ARVIND H, 2008. Broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies to the hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein. Journal of General Virology. 89(Pt 3), 653-9
• PETERS, PAUL, DUENAS-DECAMP, MARIA, SULLIVAN, W. MATTHEW, BROWN, RICHARD, ANKGHUAMBOM, CHIAMBAH, LUZURIAGA, KATHERINE, ROBINSON, JAMES, BURTON, DENNIS, BELL, JEANNE, SIMMONDS, PETER, BALL, JONATHAN and CLAPHAM, PAUL, 2008. Variation in HIV-1 R5 macrophage-tropism correlates with sensitivity to reagents that block envelope: CD4 interactions but not with sensitivity to other entry inhibitors: Retrovirology Retrovirology. 5(1), 5
• PEROTTI, M., MANCINI, N., DIOTTI, R. A., TARR, A. W., BALL, J. K., OWSIANKA, A., ADAIR, R., PATEL, A. H., CLEMENTI, M. and BURIONI, R., 2008. Identification of a broadly cross-reacting and neutralizing human monoclonal antibody directed against the hepatitis C virus E2 protein: J Virol J Virol. 82(2), 1047-52
• OWSIANKA, A. M., TARR, A. W., KECK, Z. Y., LI, T. K., WITTEVELDT, J., ADAIR, R., FOUNG, S. K., BALL, J. K. and PATEL, A. H., 2008. Broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies to the hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein: J Gen Virol J Gen Virol. 89(Pt 3), 653-9
• LAW, M., MARUYAMA, T., LEWIS, J., GIANG, E., TARR, A.W., STAMATAKI, Z., GASTAMINZA, P., CHISARI, F.V., JONES, I.M., FOX, R.I., BALL, J.K., MCKEATING, J.A., KNETEMAN, N.M. and BURTON, D.R., 2008. Broadly neutralizing antibodies protect against hepatitis C virus quasispecies challenge Nature Medicine. 14(1), 25-27
• KECK, Z. Y., MACHIDA, K., LAI, M. M., BALL, J. K., PATEL, A. H. and FOUNG, S. K., 2008. Therapeutic control of hepatitis C virus: the role of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 317, 1-38
• KECK, Z. Y., LI, T. K., XIA, J. M., GAL-TANAMY, M., OLSON, O., LI, S. H., PATEL, A. H., BALL, J. K., LEMON, S. M. and FOUNG, S. K. H., 2008. Definition of a conserved immunodominant domain on hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein by neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies: Journal of Virology Journal of Virology. 82(12), 6061-6066
• TARR, ALEXANDER W, OWSIANKA, ANIA M, JAYARAJ, DHANYA, BROWN, RICHARD J P, HICKLING, TIMOTHY P, IRVING, WILLIAM L, PATEL, ARVIND H and BALL, JONATHAN K, 2007. Determination of the human antibody response to the epitope defined by the hepatitis C virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody AP33. Journal of General Virology. 88(Pt 11), 2991-3001
• BROWN RJP, TARR AW, MCCLURE P, JUTTLA VS, TAGIURI N, IRVING WL, BALL JK., 2007. Cross-genotype characterization of genetic diversity and molecular adaptation in hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins. Journal of General Virology. 88, 458-469
• BROWN, K.S., KEOGH, M.J., TAGIURI, N., GRAINGE, M.J., PRESANIS, J.S., RYDER, S.D., IRVING, W.L., BALL, J.K., SIM, R.B. and HICKLING, T.P., 2007. Severe fibrosis in hepatitis C virus-infected patients is associated with increased activity of the mannan-binding lectin (MBL)/MBL-associated serine protease 1 (MASP-1) complex. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 147(1), 90-98
• JOHANSSON, D.X., VOISSET, C., TARR, A.W., AUNG, M., BALL, J.K., DUBUISSON, J. and PERSSON, M.A.A., 2007. Human combinatorial libraries yield rare antibodies that broadly neutralize hepatitis C virus Proceedings of the National Academy Of Sciences (USA). 104(41), 16269-16274
• TARR, ALEXANDER W, OWSIANKA, ANIA M, SZWEJK, ALEXANDRA, BALL, JONATHAN K and PATEL, ARVIND H, 2007. Cloning, expression, and functional analysis of patient-derived hepatitis C virus glycoproteins. Methods in Molecular Biology. 379, 177-97
• TARR, A.W., OWSIANKA, A.M., TIMMS, J.M., MCCLURE, C.P., BROWN, R.J.P., HICKLING, T.P., PIETSCHMANN, T., BARTENSCHLAGER, R., PATEL, A.H. and BALL, J.K., 2006. Characterization of the hepatitis C virus E2 epitope defined by the broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody AP33. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 43(3), 592-601
• OWSIANKA, A.M, TIMMS, J.M., TARR, A.W., BROWN, R.J.P., HICKLING, T.P., SZWEJK, A., BIENKOWSKA-SZEWCZYK, K., THOMSON, B.J., PATEL, A.H. and BALL, J.K., 2006. Identification of conserved residues in the E2 envelope glycoprotein of the hepatitis C virus that are critical for CD81 binding. Journal of Virology. 80(17), 8695-8704
• PETERS, P.J., SULLIVAN, W.M., DUENAS-DECAMP, M.J., BHATTACHARYA, J., ANKGHUAMBOM, C., BROWN, R., LAZURIAGA, K., BELL, J., SIMMONDS, P. and BALL, J., 2006. Non-macrophage-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 R5 envelopes predominate in blood, lymph nodes, and semen: implications for transmission and pathogenesis Journal of Virology. 80(13), 6324-6332
• MCCLURE, C.P., TIGHE, P.J., ROBINS, R.A., BANSAL, D., BOWMAN, C.A. and KINGSTON, M. BALL, J. K., 2005. HIV coreceptor and chemokine ligand gene expression in the male urethra and female cervix AIDS. 19(12), 1257-1265
• BROWN RJP, JUTTLA VS, FINNIS R, TARR AW, HEMSLEY S, FLOWER DR, BORROW P, IRVING WL, BALL JK., 2005. Evolutionary dynamics of Hepatitis C virus envelope genes during chronic infection. Journal of General Virology. 86, 1931-1942
• OWSIANKA, A., TARR, A.W., JUTTLA, V.S., LAVILLETTE, D., BARTOSCH, B., COSSET, F.-L., BALL, J.K. and PATEL, A.H., 2005. Monoclonal antibody AP33 defines a broadly neutralizing epitope on the hepatitis C virus E2 envelope glycoprotein Journal of Virology. 79(17), 11095-11104
• YAMADA, E., MONTOYA, M., SCHUETTLER, C.G., HICKLING, T.P., TARR, A.W., VITELLI, A., DUBUISSON, J., PATEL, A.H., BALL, J.K. and BORROW, P., 2005. Analysis of the binding of hepatitis C virus genotype 1a and 1b E2 glycoproteins to peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets. Journal of General Virology. 86(9), 2507-2512
• LAVILLETTE, D., TARR, A.W., VOISSET, C., DONOT, P., BARTOSCH, B., BAIN, C., PATEL, A.H., DUBUISSON, J., BALL, J.K. and COSSET, F.-L., 2005. Characterization of host-range and cell entry properties of the major genotypes and subtypes of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 41(2), 265-274
• TARR, A. W., BONEHAM, S. P., GRABOWSKA, A. M. and BALL, J. K., 2005. Tagged polymerase chain reaction subtractive hybridization for the enrichment of phage display random peptide libraries Analytical Biochemistry. VOL 339(NUMBER 1), 61-68
• MAVIN, S., JOSS, A. W. L., BALL, J. and HO-YEN, D. O., 2004. Do Toxoplasma gondii RH strain tachyzoites evolve during continuous passage? Journal of Clinical Pathology. VOL 57(PART 6), 609-611
• CURRAN, R., JAMESON, C. L., CRAGGS, J. K., GRABOWSKA, A. M., THOMSON, B. J., ROBINS, A., IRVING, W. L. and BALL, J. K., 2002. Evolutionary trends of the first hypervariable region of the hepatitis C virus E2 protein in individuals with differing liver disease severity Journal of General Virology. VOL 83(PART 1), 11-23
• CURRAN, R. and BALL, J. K., 2002. Concordance Between Semen-Derived HIV-1 Proviral DNA and Viral RNA Hypervariable Region 3 (V3) Envelope Sequences in Cases Where Semen Populations Are Distinct From Those Present in Blood Journal of Medical Virology. VOL 67(PART 1), 9-19
• GRABOWSKA, A.M., LECHNER, F., KLENERMAN, P., TIGHE, P.J., RYDER, S., BALL, J.K., THOMSON, B.J., IRVING, W.L. and ROBINS, R.A., 2001. Direct ex vivo comparison of the breadth and specificity of the T cells in the liver and peripheral blood of patients with chronic HCV infection European Journal of Immunology. 31(8), 2388-2394
• CRAGGS, J.K., BALL, J.K., THOMSON, B.J., IRVING, W.L. and GRABOWSKA, A.M., 2001. Development of a strand-specific RT-PCR based assay to detect the replicative form of hepatitis C virus RNA Journal of Virological Methods. 94(1-2), 111-120
• IRVING, W. L., BALL, J. K., BERRIDGE, S., CURRAN, R., GRABOUSKA, A. M., JAMESON, C. L., NEAL, K. R., RYDER, S. D. and THOMSON, B. J., 1999. TT Virus Infection in Patients with Hepatitis C: Frequency. Persistence, and Sequence Heterogeneity Journal of Infectious Diseases. VOL 180(NUMBER 1), 27-34
• BALL, J. K., CURRAN, R., IRVING, W. L. and DEARDEN, A. A., 1999. HIV-1 in Semen: Determination of Proviral and Viral Titres Compared to Blood, and Quantification of Semen Leukocyte Populations Journal of Medical Virology. VOL 59(NUMBER 3), 356-363
• BALL, J. K., CURRAN, R., BERRIDGE, S., GRABOWSKA, A. M., JAMESON, C. L., THOMSON, B. J., IRVING, W. L. and SHARP, P. M., 1999. TT virus sequence heterogeneity in vivo: evidence for co-infection with multiple genetic types Journal of General Virology. VOL 80(NUMBER 7), 1759-1768
• CULL, G. M., TIMMS, J. M., HAYNES, A. P., RUSSELL, N. H., IRVING, W. L., BALL, J. K. and THOMSON, B. J., 1998. Dendritic cells cultured from mononuclear cells and CD34 cells in myeloma do not harbour human herpesvirus 8 British Journal of Haematology. VOL 100(NUMBER 4), 793
• HOLLINGSWORTH, R. C., JAMESON, C. L., MINTON, J. E., CROWE, M., CURRAN, R., ROWE, T., GRABOWSKA, A. M., PILLAY, D., IRVING, W. L. and BALL, J. K., 1998. GBV-C/HGV Coinfection in HIV-1-Positive Men: Frequent Detection of Viral RNA in Blood Plasma But Absence From Seminal Fluid Plasma Journal of Medical Virology. VOL 56(NUMBER 4), 321-326
• BALL, J. K. and CURRAN, R., 1997. Production of Single-Stranded DNA using a Uracil-N-glycosylase-Mediated Asymmetric Polymerase Chain Reaction Method Analytical Biochemistry. VOL 253(NUMBER 2), 264-266