Browse by type "Article"
Records found: 83
A global overview of gender-based violence
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the extent and nature of gender-based violence and its health consequences, particularly on sexual and reproductive health.
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| Author | L. Heise, M. Ellsberg, M. Gottmoeller |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Gender and health |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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A profile of Injury in Fiji: findings from a population-based injury surveillance system (TRIP-10)
Abstract
Background: Over 90% of injury deaths occur in low-and middle-income countries. However, the epidemiological profile of injuries in Pacific Islands has received little attention. We used a population-based-trauma registry to investigate the characteristics of all injuries in Viti Levu, Fiji.
Method: The Fiji Injury Surveillance in Hospitals (FISH) database prospectively collected data on all injury-related deaths and primary admissions to hospital (≥12 hours stay) in Viti Levu during 12 months commencing October 2005.
Results: The 2167 injury-related deaths and hospitalisations corresponded to an annual incidence rate of 333 per 100,000, with males accounting for twice as many cases as females. Almost 80% of injuries involved people aged less than 45 years, and 74% were deemed unintentional. There were 244 fatalities (71% died before admission) and 1994 hospitalisations corresponding to crude annual rates of 37.5 per 100,000 and 306 per 100,000 respectively. The leading cause of fatal injury was road traffic injury (29%) and the equivalent for injury admissions was falls (30%). The commonest type of injury resulting in death and admission to hospital was asphyxia and fractures respectively. Alcohol use was documented as a contributing factor in 13% of deaths and 12% of admissions. In general, indigenous Fijians had higher rates of injury admission, especially for interpersonal violence, while those of Indian ethnicity had higher rates of fatality, especially from suicide.
Conclusions: Injury is an important public health problem that disproportionately affects young males in Fiji, with a high proportion of deaths prior to hospital presentation. This study highlights key areas requiring priority attention to reduce the burden of potentially life-threatening injuries in Fiji.
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| Author | Iris Wainiqolo, Berlin Kafoa, Bridget Kool, Josephine Herman, Eddie McCaig and Shanthi Ameratunga |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Unintentional injuries |
| Tags | Injuries Epidemiology Injury surveillance Fiji |
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Ageing and Urbanization: Can Cities be Designed to Foster Active Ageing?
ABSTRACT
The world is currently experiencing two major demographic transitions: the ageing of populations, particularly in low and middle income countries, and urbanization. This paper briefly summarizes current theories on how the urban environment may influence the health and quality of life of an older person, reviews epidemiologic studies that have investigated this relationship, and highlights urban initiatives that foster active and healthy ageing. The review identified an extensive body of research consistent with an association between the health of an older person and the physical, social and economic environment in which they live. However, most research in this field has been cross-sectional, and interpretation has been difficult due to numerous methodological limitations, particularly the risk of social selection biases. More recently, a growing number of longitudinal studies have identified associations consistent with previous cross-sectional research, adding weight to these findings. In the last two years alone, at least thirteen new longitudinal studies examining these issues have been reported, with ten having positive findings. Unfortunately, few of these studies can yet point to specific pathways that may be amenable to intervention. Concurrent with this research, a number of sizable programmes have been developed to make urban environments more supportive of older people. Both theory and the epidemiologic evidence appear to justify the optimism of these initiatives, although little evaluation has yet been undertaken of their impact.
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| Author | John R Beard, MBBS, PhD, Charles Petitot, MD, MPH |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Urbanisation |
| Tags | ageing neighbourhood urban socioeconomic |
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Challenges in ameliorating hunger while preventing obesity
Examines trends in child nutrition in 141 countries. Despite substantial reductions in the prevalence of moderate and severe stunting and underweight in developing countries, about 30% of children younger than 5 years were moderately or severely stunted and 19% were moderately or severely underweight in 2011. For all countries, the predicted likelihood of achievement of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving hunger by 2015 was estimated at less than 5%. Access to Lancet subscribers only.
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| Author | Gordon-Larsen et al |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Millennium Development Goals |
| Tags | Poverty Inequality Obesity Nutrition Child poverty MDG |
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Childhood Unintentional Injuries: Need for a Community-Based Home Injury Risk Assessments in Pakistan
Abstract
Background. A substantial proportion of the annual 875,000 childhood unintentional injury deaths occur in the home. Very few printed tools are available in South Asia for disseminating home injury prevention information. Methods. Three tools were planned: an injury hazard assessment tool appropriate for a developing country setting, an educational pamphlet highlighting strategies for reducing home injury hazards, and an in-home safety tutorial program to be delivered by a trained community health worker. Results. The three tools were successfully developed. Two intervention neighborhoods in Karachi, Pakistan, were mapped. The tools were pretested in this local setting and are now ready for pilot testing in an intervention study. Conclusion. Planning for an innovative, community-based pilot study takes considerable time and effort in a low-income setting like Pakistan. The primary outcome of the pre-testing phase of the study was the development of three important tools geared for low-income housing communities in Pakistan.
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| Author | Adnan A. Hyder,1 Aruna Chandran,1 Uzma Rahim Khan,2 Nukhba Zia,2 Cheng-Ming Huang,1 Sarah Stewart de Ramirez,1 and Junaid Razzak2 |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Child health Unintentional injuries |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Cholera
This gives an entry level introduction to cholera for those with prescription access to The Lancet
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| Author | Harris et al |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Communicable diseases |
| Tags | Diarrhoea pandemic |
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Cultural Similarity, Cultural Competence, and Nurse Workforce Diversity
Abstract
Proponents of health workforce diversity argue that increasing the number of minority health care providers will enhance cultural similarity between patients and providers as well as the health system’s capacity to provide culturally competent care. Measuring cultural similarity has been difficult, however, given that current benchmarks of workforce diversity categorize health workers by major racial/ethnic classifications rather than by cultural measures. This study examined the use of national racial/ethnic categories in both patient and registered nurse (RN) populations and found them to be a poor indicator of cultural similarity. Rather, we found that cultural similarity between RN and patient populations needs to be established at the level of local labor markets and broadened to include other cultural parameters such as country of origin, primary language, and self-identified ancestry. Only then can the relationship between cultural similarity and cultural competence be accurately determined and its outcomes measured.
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| Author | Sandra L. McGinnis, Barbara L. Brush and Jean Moore |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals Cultural competence |
| Tags | cultural competence workforce diversity minority RNs foreign-trained RNs |
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Dengue Epidemiology and Burden of Disease in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis
Summary of findings:
Activities to control dengue transmission in the region have been important but insufficient. The surveillance of dengue burden of disease and circulating strains helo shape and evaluate the present and future health policies.
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| Author | María Luisa Cafferata, MD1 , Ariel Bardach, PhD1,, Lucila Rey-Ares, MSc1 , Andrea Alcaraz, MSc1 , Gabriela Cormick, MSc1 , Luz Gibbons, MSc1 , Marina Romano, MD1 , Silvana Cesaroni, MD1 , Silvina Ruvinsky, MD, MSc2 |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Determinants of health |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Diabetes saps health and wealth from China's rise
This report examines the rise in diabetes fuelled by China's economic change.
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| Author | Alcorn et al |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Global economy and health Non-communicable diseases |
| Tags | china diabetes economy public health diet |
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Emerging health issues: the widening challenge for population health promotion
SUMMARY
The spectrum of tasks for health promotion has widened since the Ottawa Charter was signed. In 1986, infectious diseases still seemed in retreat, the potential extent of HIV/AIDS was unrecognized, the Green Revolution was at its height and global poverty appeared less intractable. Global climate change had not yet emerged as a major threat to development and health. Most economists forecast continuous improvement, and chronic diseases were broadly anticipated as the next major health issue.
Today, although many broadly averaged measures of population health have improved, many of the determinants of global health have faltered. Many infectious diseases have emerged; others have unexpectedly reappeared. Reasons include urban crowding, environmental changes, altered sexual relations, intensified food production and increased mobility and trade. Foremost, however, is the persistence of poverty and the exacerbation of regional and global inequality.
Life expectancy has unexpectedly declined in several countries. Rather than being a faint echo from an earlier time of hardship, these declines could signify the future. Relatedly, the demographic and epidemiological transitions have faltered. In some regions, declining fertility has overshot that needed for optimal age structure, whereas elsewhere mortality increases have reduced population growth rates, despite continuing high fertility.
Few, if any, Millennium Development Goals (MDG), including those for health and sustainability, seem achievable. Policy-makers generally misunderstand the link between environmental sustainability (MDG #7) and health. Many health workers also fail to realize that social cohesion and sustainability—maintenance of the Earth's ecological and geophysical systems—is a necessary basis for health.
In sum, these issues present an enormous challenge to health. Health promotion must address population health influences that transcend national boundaries and generations and engage with the development, human rights and environmental movements. The big task is to promote sustainable environmental and social conditions that bring enduring and equitable health gains.
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| Author | Anthony J. McMichael and Colin D. Butler |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Population growth |
| Tags | sustainability transitions globalization health promotion |
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Emerging Infectious Diseases (review series introduction)
This is a 3 page review series introduction about emerging infectious diseases.
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| Author | Vincent R. Racaniello |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | New and emerging infectious diseases |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Emerging Infectious Diseases On The Rise: Tropical Countries Predicted As Next Hot Spot
It's not just your imagination. Providing the first-ever definitive proof, a new study has shown that emerging infectious diseases such as HIV, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, West Nile virus and Ebola are indeed on the rise. This research gives the first insight about where future outbreaks may occur -- and next up is likely the Tropics, a region rich in wildlife species and under increasing human pressure.
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| Author | |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | New and emerging infectious diseases |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Evidenced-based global health
A three-page introduction to global health research and the pitfalls of assuming that domestic evidence can be generalised to a resource poor setting. The link supplied offers free access but JAMA articles are accessed via subscription only.
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| Author | Buekens et al |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Global health issues |
| Tags | hiv Diarrhoea handwashing evidence |
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Foreign nurse recruitment: Global risk
Abstract
Recruitment of nurses by industrialized nations from developing countries has been common practice for decades. Globalization, a crucial trend of the 21st century, raises the world’s awareness of the economic and social disparities between nations. The direct impact on nurse emigration emphasizes the ethical, economic, and social inequalities between source and destination countries. It is often more cost-effective for industrialized countries to recruit from developing countries; however, the depletion of source country resources has created a global healthcare crisis. Destination countries are being challenged on the ethical implications of aggressive recruitment and their lack of developing a sustainable self-sufficient domestic workforce. Similarly, source countries are confronting the same challenges as they struggle to fund and educate adequate numbers of nurses for domestic needs and emigrant replacement. This article will review the ethical, economic, and social impacts of continued unrestricted international recruitment of nurses and present a proposal for development of an international treaty addressing global sustainability.
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| Author | A Christine Delucas |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Global burden of maternal death and disability
Abstract:
Sound information is the prerequisite for health action: without data on the dimensions, impact and significance of a health problem it is neither possible to create an advocacy case nor to establish strong programmes for addressing it. The absence of good information on the extent of the burden of maternal ill-health resulted in its relative neglect by the international health community for many years. Maternal deaths are too often solitary and hidden events that go uncounted. The difficulty arises not because of lack of clarity regarding the definition of a maternal death, but because of the weakness of health information systems and consequent absence of the systematic identification and recording of maternal deaths. In recent years, innovative approaches to measuring maternal mortality have been developed, resulting in a stronger information base. WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA estimates for the year 2000 indicate that most of the total 529,000 maternal deaths globally occur in just 13 countries. By contrast, information on the global burden of non-fatal health outcomes associated with pregnancy and childbearing remains patchy and incomplete. Nonetheless, initial estimates based on systematic reviews of available information and confined to the five major direct pregnancy-related complications indicate a problem of considerable magnitude.
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| Author | Carla AbouZahr |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Maternal health |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Global Childhood Unintentional Injury Study: Multisite Surveillance Data
This paper aimed to analyse the epidemiology of childhood unintentional injuries. The study looked at data from urban hospitals in 5 low and middle income countries (LMICs): Bangladesh, Colombia, Egypt, Malaysia and Pakistan.
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| Author | Siran He, BMed, MSPH, Jeffrey C. Lunnen, MS, Prasanthi Puvanachandra, MB BChir, MPH, Amar-Singh, MRCP, MSc, Nukhba Zia, MB BS, MPH, and Adnan A. Hyder, MD, PhD, MPH |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Unintentional injuries |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Global Health and the Global Economic Crisis
Abstract
Although the resources and knowledge for achieving improved global health exist, a new, critical paradigm on health as an aspect of human development, human security, and human rights is needed. Such a shift is required to sufficiently modify and credibly reduce the present dominance of perverse market forces on global health. New scientific discoveries can make wide-ranging contributions to improved health; however, improved global health depends on achieving greater social justice, economic redistribution, and enhanced democratization of production, caring social institutions for essential health care, education, and other public goods. As with the quest for an HIV vaccine, the challenge of improved global health requires an ambitious multidisciplinary research program.
Despite impressive scientific advances and massive economic growth over the past 60 years, disparities in wealth and health have persisted and, in many places, widened. As a result, the hope of achieving significantly improved health for a greater proportion of the world's people—one of the most pressing problems of our time—has become an ever more distant prospect.1–5 Our failure to make adequate advances in this direction is starkly illustrated by insufficient progress toward achieving the limited Millennium Development Goals for health in the poorest countries,6 the growing threat of infectious diseases associated with poverty,7 and the increasing burden of chronic diseases on lifestyle.8 All of these challenges, now exacerbated by the most severe global economic crisis since the 1930s, are likely to become even more urgent in the years ahead.9,10
We describe aspects of an increasingly unstable world and why the market-driven growth paradigm is insufficient to achieve improved global health. We then suggest a number of new ways of thinking that we believe should be adopted to improve global health.
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| Author | Solomon R. Benatar, DSc (Med), Stephen Gill, PhD, and Isabella Bakker, PhD |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Global economy and health |
| Tags | economic economics |
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Global health care leadership development: trends to consider
Abstract:
This paper provides an overview of trends associated with global health care leadership development. Accompanying these trends are propositions based on current available evidence. These testable propositions should be considered when designing, implementing, and evaluating global health care leadership development models and programs. One particular leadership development model, a multilevel identity model, is presented as a potential model to use for leadership development. Other, complementary approaches, such as positive psychology and empowerment strategies, are discussed in relation to leadership identity formation. Specific issues related to global leadership are reviewed, including cultural intelligence and global mindset. An example is given of a nurse leadership development model that has been empirically tested in Canada. Through formal practice–academic–community collaborations, this model has been locally adapted and is being used for nurse leader training in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Brazil. Collaborative work is under way to adapt the model for interprofessional health care leadership development.
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| Author | Maura MacPhee, Lilu Chang, Diana Lee, Wilza Spiri |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Leadership |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Global health equity: evidence for action on the social determinants of health
Abstract
More than 30 years ago, the older of us published a paper with the proposal that all scientific papers should start with a statement along the lines of: “These are the opinions on which I base my facts”. Why pretend? To take a topical example, if you are on the nature side of the nature/nurture debates, is it likely that your next paper will be an apologia: “I take it all back; genes don’t matter at all; it is all environment”? Unlikely. Similarly, if you are on the other side. (We know. It’s both.) Here, we are not in any way arguing for a relativist credo that would say opinions are all. Along with other readers of this journal, we spend a good part of our working lives gathering, analysing and interpreting empirical evidence. Evidence matters. But everyone has values and they do affect our positions
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| Author | M Marmot, S Friel |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Determinants of health |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Global health is more important in a smaller world
Explores the various perspectives of global health held by different generations.
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| Author | Kanter, SL |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Global health issues |
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Global Health Law: A Definition and Grand Challenges
This article explores the health hazards posed by contemporary globalisation on human health and the consequent urgent need for global health law to facilitate effective multilateral cooperation in advancing the health of populations equitably.
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| Author | Lawrence O. Gostin? and Allyn L. Taylor O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law at Georgetown University Law Center |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Regulation and governance |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Global Maternal and Child Health Outcomes: The Role of Obstetric Ultrasound in Low Resource Settings
Abstract
There are vast inequalities across maternal and infant mortality with the developing world accounting for the majority of the burden and within countries rural areas expecting worse outcomes than urban. These inequalities are linked to health care servicedelivery. This review focuses on obstetric ultrasound service and its potential to improve maternal and newborn health in low resource settings. A systematic search of English literature was conducted to identify current knowledge regarding use of ultrasound in low resource settings. Access to obstetric ultrasound in the developed world is almost universal. Access to obstetric ultrasound is instrumental in identifying potential obstetric risks, leading to improvements in maternal and newborn health outcomes. In contrast to this, access to obstetric ultrasound in the developed world is poor, particularly in rural areas. Innovations in teleradiology and portable ultrasound offer opportunity for improved ultrasound access in low resource settings, including opportunity for service coverage in rural and remote areas. The literature illustrates considerations for service provision in a broad range of settings in the developing world. Practical implications are vastly different in these settings and include infrastructure, economic resources, training and cultural acceptability. The versatility of ultrasound also offers a wide range of non-obstetric clinical applications. This review demonstrates promising benefits of obstetric ultrasound in poorly resourced settings with potential improvements in maternal and infant mortality and also highlights the need for large scale trials in these settings.
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| Author | Katherine Stanton, Lillian Mwanri |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Child health Maternal health |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Global Public Health Surveillance under New International Health Regulations
This article assesses the surveillance system in International Health Regulations adopted by the world health assembly in 2005 (IHR 2005) by applying well established frameworks for evaluating public health surveillance.
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| Author | Michael G. Baker and David P. Fidler |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Regulation and governance |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Good practice in health care for migrants: views and experiences of care professionals in 16 European countries
From the abstract:
Methods: During this study, structured interviews with open questions and case vignettes were conducted with health care professionals working in areas with high proportion of migrant populations in 16 countries. Answers were analysed using thematic content analysis.
Conclusions: Health care professionals in different services experience similar difficulties when providing care to migrants. They also have relatively consistent views on what constitutes good practice. The degree to which these components already are part of routine practice varies. Implementing good practice requires sufficient resources and organisational flexibility, positive attitudes, training for staff and the provision of information.
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| Author | Stefan Priebe1*, Sima Sandhu1, Sónia Dias2, Andrea Gaddini3, Tim Greacen4, Elisabeth Ioannidis5, Ulrike Kluge6, Allan Krasnik7, Majda Lamkaddem8, Vincent Lorant9, Rosa Puigpinósi Riera10, Attila Sarvary11, Joaquim JF Soares12, Mindaugas Stankunas13, Chris |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Population migration and health |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Government officials’ representation of nurses and migration in the Philippines
Abstract
During the past few decades, the nursing workforce has been in crisis in the United States and around the world. Many health care organizations in developed countries recruit nurses from other countries to maintain acceptable staffing levels. The Philippines is the centre of a large, mostly private nursing education sector and an important supplier of nurses worldwide, despite its weak domestic health system and uneven distribution of health workers. This situation suggests a dilemma faced by developing countries that train health professionals for overseas markets: how do government officials balance competing interests in overseas health professionals’ remittances and the need for well-qualified health professional workforces in domestic health systems? This study uses case studies of two recent controversies in nursing education and migration to examine how Philippine government officials represent nurses when nurse migration is the subject of debate. The study finds that Philippine government officials cast nurses as global rather than domestic providers of health care, implicating them in development more as sources of remittance income than for their potential contributions to the country’s health care system. This orientation is motivated not simply by the desire for remittance revenues, but also as a way to cope with overproduction and lack of domestic opportunities for nurses in the Philippines.
| About this resource | |
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| Author | Leah E Masselink and Shoou-Yih Daniel Lee |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Health and foreign policy: influences of migration and population mobility
Abstract
International interest in the relationship between globalization and health is growing, and this relationship is increasingly figuring in foreign policy discussions. Although many globalizing processes are known to affect health, migration stands out as an integral part of globalization, and links between migration and health are well documented. Numerous historical interconnections exist between population mobility and global public health, but since the 1990s new attention to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases has promoted discussion of this topic. The containment of global disease threats is a major concern, and significant international efforts have received funding to fight infectious diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Migration and population mobility play a role in each of these public health challenges. The growing interest in population mobility’s health-related influences is giving rise to new foreign policy initiatives to address the international determinants of health within the context of migration. As a result, meeting health challenges through international cooperation and collaboration has now become an important foreign policy component in many countries. However, although some national and regional projects address health and migration, an integrated and globally focused approach is lacking. As migration and population mobility are increasingly important determinants of health, these issues will require greater policy attention at the multilateral level.
| About this resource | |
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| Author | Douglas W MacPherson,corresponding author Brian D Gushulak and Liane Macdonald |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Population migration and health |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Health care and equity in India
Examines key challenges for the equity of service provision and access according to ability to pay and geography. Includes data on poverty, cost of individual health care expenditure, immunisation and child mortality in graph form. Free registration is necessary for access to this article. This paper is part of a Lancet series on India.
| About this resource | |
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| Author | Balarajan et al |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Child health Gender and health Global economy and health Poverty and inequality |
| Tags | Poverty india child mortality healthcare costs Inequality healthcare markets gender |
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Health crises and migration
Opening paragraph:
Individual and collective responses to health crises contribute to an orderly public health response that most times precludes the need for large-scale displacements. Restricting population movement is a largely ineffective way of containing disease, yet governments sometimes resort to it where health crises emerge.
| About this resource | |
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| Author | Michael Edelstein, David Heymann and Khalid Koser |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Population migration and health |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Health effects of migration
ABSTRACT
The proportion of citizens with an ethnic minority background in Denmark is rising and considerations about how to adapt health care services to the needs of this part of the population are becoming increasingly relevant. To do this, knowledge is needed about the factors influencing the health of these population groups. Migration is one of these factors.The process of migration influences the somatic and mental healthof migrants and is described in this article. Ethnicity, social position and aspects related to communication also influence migrants’ health; however, we do not discuss these factors [1].
| About this resource | |
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| Author | Maria Kristiansen, Research Assistant, Anna Mygind Research Assistant & Allan Krasnik, Professor |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Population migration and health |
| Tags | Denmark |
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Health, Climate Change and Sustainability: A systematic Review and Thematic Analysis of the Literature
Abstract
Evidence of climate change and its impact continues to be accumulated, and it is argued that the consequences of climate change are likely to result in an increased demand on health services. It has been claimed that climate change presents new challenges for health services and that strategies should be adopted to address these challenges.
| About this resource | |
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| Author | A. Nichols, V. Maynard, B. Goodman, and J. Richardson |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Climate change and sustainability |
| Tags | sustainability climate change health systematic review |
| Rights | |
Hepatitis E
This gives an entry level introduction to Hepatitus E for those with prescription access to The Lancet
| About this resource | |
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| Author | Kamar et al |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Communicable diseases |
| Tags | Diarrhoea |
| Rights | |
Human rights and the national interest: migrants, healthcare and social justice
Abstract:
The UK government has recently taken steps to exclude certain groups of migrants from free treatment under the National Health Service, most controversially from treatment for HIV. Whether this discrimination can have any coherent ethical basis is questioned in this paper. The exclusion of migrants of any status from any welfare system cannot be ethically justified because the distinction between citizens and migrants cannot be an ethical one.
| About this resource | |
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| Author | Phillip Cole |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Population migration and health Social justice, human rights and health |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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India is set to miss millennium development goal for improving sanitation
This short article details the progress India has made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goal for improving sanitation.
| About this resource | |
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| Author | Cheryl Travasso |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Millennium Development Goals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Injury prevention and the attainment of child and adolescent health
In December 2008, WHO and the United Nations Children’s Fund published the first World report on child injury prevention,1 calling attention to the problem internationally. The report focused on the five leading causes of child injury deaths – road traffic injuries, drowning, poisoning, burns and falls – and set out what can be done to prevent these injuries. This article expands on the report’s arguments that child injuries must be integrated into child health initiatives and proposes some initial steps for achieving this integration.
| About this resource | |
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| Author | Alison Harvey, Elizabeth Towner, Margie Peden, Hamid Soori & Kidist Bartolomeos |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Child health Unintentional injuries |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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International Migration: Barriers and Opportunities for Indian Health Care Professionals under Mode IV of General Agreement on Trade & Services (GATS)
Abstract
Present paper highlights the issues surrounding trade in health services in India and other developing countries. As it is a well-established fact that in the modern era of globalization, the contribution of services to the global economy is increasing in comparison of the contribution of tangible goods. The paper gives an insight to the shortage of healthcare professionals in developed countries, which is the main cause of migration of health sector workforce from developing to developed countries. The economic impact of such migration on Indian economy has also been analysed in the paper. Today, heath sector is among the most rapidly growing service sectors in the world economy, which has been estimated at $4 trillion yearly in the OECD countries alone. As per the World Trade Report, 2008, the annual percentage change in the trade in commercial services was reported to be 18 percent while the annual percentage change in trade in merchandise goods was 15 percent. The sector has seen new and rapidly evolving forms of cross-border transactions, spurred by factors such as wide-ranging technology, demographic transition, increasing costs of medical care, skill up gradation, growing private sector participation, natural endowments etc. An effort has been made in the present paper to assess the various trade related barrier which are creating hurdle for free and transparent movement of healthcare professionals under Mode-IV of GATS. Besides, the paper shows that economic contribution of Indians working abroad in terms of remittances is more that of total FDI in the economy. The main object of the present paper is to assess barriers to trade in health services particularly in Mode–IV i.e. movement of natural persons abroad. The paper is based on secondary data collected from various sources like Reserve Bank of India (RBI), websites of various international agencies and Governments, data from Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. Besides, data from World Health Report, 2006 was also used for preparation of present paper. It has been highlighted in the present paper that among the various categories of health care professionals, nurses are in acute shortage in developed countries mainly OECD member countries. This severe shortage has resulted in to recruiting nurses from countries like Philippines and India. However, there are a number of barriers for recruitment of healthcare professionals which mainly pertain to stringent requirements of qualification. Multiplicity of tests for practicing in destination country is another problem faced by these professionals. For example, in order to become a registered nurse in United States (US), a candidate has to go through minimum three tests- Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (CGFNS), National Licensure Exam (NCLEX) and mandatory language tests. Apart from this, the main problem is of recognition of home country’s qualification in destination country. Lack of recognition of professional qualification remains a major obstacle for developing country professionals willing to provide their services abroad. Therefore, Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) on qualification is the only solution for free movement of healthcare professionals because this agreement enables the qualification of professional service providers to be mutually recognized by signatory member countries. Therefore, it may be concluded that unnecessary quantitative as well qualitative restrictions on movement of healthcare professionals should be removed so that the availability and accessibility of global public goods and services towards universal access to health care may be promoted.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Pardeep Kumar |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Is Transition of Internationally Educated Nurses a Regulatory Issue?
Abstract
Based on a review of initial evidence, this article suggests that transition of internationally educated nurses (IENs) is a regulatory issue. Given the absence of global nurse regulation, the questionable credibility in many areas where national regulation does operate, and more important, the commercialization of nurse training in some countries to meet international demand, the quality and competence of IENs are likely to be varied in both quantitative and qualitative terms. This variability in quality and competence affect their ability and readiness to practice with direct implications for patient safety and quality of care. After description of a transition program as a proposed regulatory mechanism modeled after the National Council of State Boards of Nursing’s Transition Initiatives, this article calls for comparative outcomes research on IENs and U.S. educated nurses to definitively determine if transition of IENs is a regulatory issue.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Yu Xu, PhD, RN, CTN, CNE |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Education Migration of health professionals Regulation and governance |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Lessons from developing nations on improving healthcare
Demonstrates, using examples from Russia and Peru, that health improvement need not involve increased use of resources. If not accessed via the link provided, subscription is usually needed for access to BMJ articles.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Berwick DM |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Health systems and models of service delivery |
| Tags | hypertension russia resource poor settings hiv aids |
| Rights | |
Managing health worker migration: a qualitative study of the Philippine response to nurse brain drain
From Abstract:
Methods: Interviews and focus group discussions were conducted to elicit exploratory perspectives on the policy response to nurse brain drain. Focus group discussions were held with practising nurses to understand policy recipients’ perspectives on nurse migration and policy.
Concusions: Development of responsive policy to Filipino nurse brain drain offers a glimpse into a domestic response to an increasingly prominent global issue. As a major source of professionals migrating abroad for employment, the Philippines has formalised efforts to manage nurse migration. Accordingly, the Philippine paradigm, summarised by the thematic framework presented in this paper, may act as an example for other countries that are experiencing similar shifts in healthcare worker employment due to migration.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Roland M Dimaya, Mary K McEwen, Leslie A Curry and Elizabeth H Bradley |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Mental disorders, health inequalities and ethics: A global perspective
Abstract
The global burden of neuropsychiatry diseases and related mental health conditions is enormous, underappreciated and under resourced, particularly in the developing nations. The absence of adequate and quality mental health infrastructure and workforce is increasingly recognized. The ethical implications of inequalities in mental health for people and nations are profound and must be addressed in efforts to fulfil key bioethics principles of medicine and public health: respect for individuals, justice, beneficence, and non-malfeasance. Stigma and discrimination against people living with mental disorders affects their education, employment, access to care and hampers their capacity to contribute to society. Mental health well-being is closely associated to several Millennium Development Goals and economic development sectors including education, labour force participation, and productivity. Limited access to mental health care increases patient and family suffering. Unmet mental health needs have a negative effect on poverty reduction initiatives and economic development. Untreated mental conditions contribute to economic loss because they increase school and work absenteeism and dropout rates, healthcare expenditure, and unemployment. Addressing unmet mental health needs will require development of better mental health infrastructure and workforce and overall integration of mental and physical health services with primary care, especially in the developing nations.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | EMMANUEL M. NGUI, LINCOLN KHASAKHALA, DAVID NDETEI and LAURA WEISS ROBERTS |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Poverty and inequality |
| Tags | mental health |
| Rights | |
Migration and nursing in Ireland: An internationalist history
Abstract
Recent research and policy interest has focused on the changing composition of the nursing workforce in the Republic of Ireland, which has seen an increase in the number and importance of overseas-trained nurses. This is the most recent episode of the importance of migration in the history of nursing in Ireland which stretches back to the emergence of nursing in Ireland in the early 19th century. Delineating the intersecting histories of Irish nursing and migration, this article situates Irish nursing history within an internationalist framework involving the movement of people, ideas and practices across borders. The relevance of an internationalist analysis is demonstrated through an examination of the close connections between the British and Irish nursing institutions and labour forces and the significance of Catholic religious orders and religious migration in the development of nursing in Ireland and overseas. This analysis of the history of Irish nursing from the early nineteenth century to the mid twentieth century draws particular attention to the significance of female religious migration as a previously neglected chapter in the history of the international nurse migration in the Irish context, and it highlights the existence of the ‘global nursing care chain’ (Yeates, 2004, 2006, 2009) that linked Ireland to the international economy and to the development of nursing services at home and abroad.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Nicola Yeates |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Migration Intentions of Health Care Professionals: the Case of Estonia
This paper analyses the size and determinants of the potential migration flows of Estonian health care professionals using an opinion survey carried out in 2003.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Andres Võrk Epp Kallaste Marit Priinits |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Migration of Health Workers: A Challenge for Health Care System
Abstract
The migration of health workers has resulted in a growing apprehension universally because of its impact on health system of the developing countries. Although the choice to migrate is basically a personal one, however, the overall social and economic circumstances have important impact on the decision to migrate. The “push and pull” factors for migration are disparity in working conditions, pay, lack of promotion opportunities, poor living conditions, desire to gain experience, professional development, family background and family wealth. A strategic approach by the government and other agencies is mandatory for regulating the flow of health workers between countries. A range of policies and interventions are needed to deal with the broader health system issue and problems of health workers that influence their recruitment, retention, deployment and progress.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Shaista Afzal, Imrana Masroor and Gulnaz Shafqat |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Migration of healthcare professionals: practical and ethical considerations
This paper discusses the impact of healthcare professionals from developing countires being recuirted to the UK.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Sylvia Watkins |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | developing countries healthcare professionals migration |
| Rights | |
Migration patterns of Polish doctors within the EU
This paper discusses the migration of Polish doctors following Poland become a member of the EU.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Joanna Le?niowska |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Mobility and migration of healthcare workers in central and eastern Europe
Summary
This report highlights the key challenges facing the EU10 as a result of the high number of health professionals leaving to work abroad, focusing on specific problems and identifying topics for further research. A thorough analysis of the consequences is critical, since it appears the inflow of third-country nationals or return migration would not make up the shortfall caused by the outflow. However, as this is not equally true for all the countries, the report presents a differentiated picture between the countries concerned. The study draws on the results of two European research projects: Mobility of Health Professionals (MoHProf) and the Health Professional Mobility in the European Union Study (PROMeTHEUS).
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Fóti, Klára |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Non-communicable diseases—neglected diseases in global health work?
Extract:
Consequently, also financial aid to global health activities has much increased. Much of this goes to programmes on infectious diseases or other traditional health issues—many of them in form of vertical disease specific actions. Very little, i.e. less than 3% of the global development assistance for health, goes to prevention and control of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs).1
This is in sharp contrast to the observations on how global health is rapidly changing. Although many infectious diseases and other traditional health issues, like child and maternal mortality, remain serious problems and should be vigorously addressed, NCDs have started to dominate global public health.2
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Pekka Puska |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Non-communicable diseases |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Nurses Adopt Electronic Health Records
News article published by the University of California San Francisco in May 2012.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Andrew Schwartz |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Technology |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Nurses in Health Care Governance Is the Picture Changing?
Lawrence D. Prybil discusses new research about nurse engagement on governing boards.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Lawrence D. Prybil |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Global health governance |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Nurses on the Move: A Global Overview
Objective: To look at nurse migration flows in the light of national nursing workforce imbalances, examine factors that encourage or inhibit nurse mobility, and explore the potential benefits of circular migration.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Mireille Kingma |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Nursing Shortage: A Comparative Analysis
Abstract
Background: The nursing shortage is a global challenge, affecting every country in the world. With this shortage, patients are suffering because the healthcare workforce is not prepared to deal with their health needs. Within each country, the nursing shortage is caused by numerous factors that ultimately cause a decrease in the quality of health care received. However, little is known about the global causes of a shrinking professional nurse workforce.
Objective: The purpose of this paper is to describe what the nursing shortage means in three countries: United States (US), Philippines, and South Africa. In addition, the paper will provide useful information specific to the three countries to further understand global issues affecting the nursing shortage
Population: Nursing shortage in the United States, Philippines, and South Africa.
Methods: A literature review was performed by four researchers using a peer-reviewed search strategy. Published literature was identified by searching the following bibliographic databases: with in-process records via OVID; Sage; PubMed; and CINAHL (2002–present). The main search concepts were global nursing shortage, international nursing, nurse migration, brain drain, and health care systems.
Results: The nursing shortage in the US, Philippines and South Africa are each different however, they all share similar effects on health care systems in each country.
Conclusion: The global nursing shortage is relevant and warrants further investigation and appropriate interventions to ultimately alleviate the nursing shortage and prevent an international public health crisis.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Lauren Littlejohn *a, Jacquelyn Campbellb, Janice Collins-McNeilc, ThembisileKhayiled |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Poverty, social inequality and mental health
Abstract
The World Health Organization has described poverty as the greatest cause of suffering on earth. This article considers the direct and indirect effects of relative poverty on the development of emotional, behavioural and psychiatric problems, in the context of the growing inequality between rich and poor. The problems of children in particular are reviewed. Targets to reduce inequality have been set both nationally and internationally.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Vijaya Murali & Femi Oyebode |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Poverty and inequality Social justice, human rights and health |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Preparing for export? : Medical and nursing student migration intentions post-qualification in South Africa
The study aimed to determine the proportion of nursing and medical students who were intending to emigrate, their attitudes and beliefs about, and the factors influencing their decision to emigrate.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Gavin George and Candice Reardon |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Prevention of Unintentional Injuries: A Global Role for Pediatricians
The purpose of this brief article is to encourage more pediatricians to be active in the field of injury prevention and cooperate with other professionals to achieve the ultimate goal of a “Safe World for Our Children.”
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Michael E. Höllwarth, Univ. Prof. Dr |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Child health Unintentional injuries |
| Tags | Injury prevention childhood unintentional injuries injury statistics |
| Rights | |
Review Article: Noncommunicable Diseases
Abstract
The United Nations has held only two meetings of heads of state on a health-related issue. The first, in 2001, was on human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The second, in September 2011, was on noncommunicable diseases. Although noncommunicable diseases were ignored during the framing of the Millennium Development Goals in 2000, their leading and growing contribution to preventable deaths and disability across the globe has compelled policymakers to pay attention and initiate action. The United Nations and the World Health Organization (WHO) have called for a 25% reduction by 2025 in mortality from noncommunicable diseases among persons between 30 and 70 years of age, in comparison with mortality in 2010, adopting the slogan “25 by 25.”1,2 We review the burden of noncommunicable diseases and issues in prevention, detection, and treatment that must be addressed in order to meet this goal.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Non-communicable diseases |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Review: Health risks for students on overseas placements
Abstract:
Health profession students are encouraged to take an elective during training and many do this overseas in tropical, low-income countries. Higher education institutions should offer advice and support on organising these placements but this varies and students may present for pre-travel health advice at their general practice or travel clinic. This article discusses how they should be advised.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Planning a clinical placement overseas |
| Tags | travel health safety travel advice risk assessment vaccines vaccinations insurance student malaria |
| Rights | |
REVIEW: Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures
Received September 2003; accepted for publication September 2003
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | D. Lavanchy |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Epidemiology and burden of disease |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Role of the nurse in addressing the health effects of climate change
Abstract
Climate change affects the social and environmental determinantsof health such as clean air, suffcient food, safe drinking water andsecure shelter, and may be considered a threat to health. Healthcareprofessionals have been called to take action on carbon reduction.Action depends on various factors such as personal commitment toenvironmental issues and professionals’ understanding of climate change, and action may occur at individual, organisational, community, nationaland international levels. As public health is a core component of thenurse’s role, this article discusses the health effects of climate changeand suggests ways to address these effects
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Benny Goodman |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Climate change and sustainability |
| Tags | carbon carbon dioxide |
| Rights | |
Shortage of healthcare workers in developing countries - Africa
The already inadequate health systems of Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa, have been badly damaged by the migration of their health professionals.
It may well be asked why special measures should be necessary to influence the migration of health professionals rather than engineers or football players or any other category. The answer must surely be that no other category of worker is so essential to the well-being of the population of every nation.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Saraladevi Naicker, FRCP, PhD; Jacob Plange-Rhule, FWACP, PhD; Roger C. Tutt, BA; John B. Eastwood, MD, FRCP |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | africa |
| Rights | |
Social determinants of health inequalities
The gross inequalities in health that we see within and between countries present a challenge to the world. That there should be a spread of life expectancy of 48 years among countries and 20 years or more within countries is not inevitable. A burgeoning volume of research identi?es social factors at the root of much of these inequalities in health. Social determinants are relevant to communicable and non-communicable disease alike. Health status, therefore, should be of concern to policy makers in every sector, not solely those involved in health policy. As a response to this global challenge, WHO is launching a Commission on Social Determinants of Health, which will review the evidence, raise societal debate, and recommend policies with the goal of improving health of the world’s most vulnerable people. A major thrust of the Commission is turning public-health knowledge into political action.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Michael Marmot |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Determinants of health |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Special Report: Global health governance and the World Bank
With the Paul Wolfowitz era behind it and new appointee Robert Zoellick at the helm, it is time for the World Bank to better de? ne its role in an increasingly crowded and complex global health architecture, says Jennifer Prah Ruger, health economist and former World Bank speechwriter.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Jennifer Prah Ruger |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Global health governance |
| Tags | Lancet special report |
| Rights | |
Special Report: Nursing, Technology, and Information Systems
This special report is sponsored by Cerner Corporation and the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS). All articles contained in this special report have undergone peer review according to American Nurse Today standards.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Technology |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
Suicide mortality in India: a nationally representative survey
Examines quantative data suggesting that WHO suicide estimations underestimate prevalence in India. Suicide death rates in India are among the highest in the world. A large proportion of adult suicide deaths occur between the ages of 15 years and 29 years, especially in women. Public health interventions such as restrictions in access to pesticides might prevent many suicide deaths in India. This is not an analysis of the underlying socio-economic causes of suicide.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | V Patel et al |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Non-communicable diseases |
| Tags | suicide india WHO LAMICs |
| Rights | |
Tackling the wider social determinants of health and health inequalities: evidence from systematic reviews
ABSTRACT
Background There is increasing pressure to tackle the wider social determinants of health through the implementation of appropriate interventions. However, turning these demands for better evidence about interventions around the social determinants of health into action requires identifying what we already know and highlighting areas for further development.
Methods Systematic review methodology was used to identify systematic reviews (from 2000 to 2007, developed countries only) that described the health effects of any intervention based on the wider social determinants of health: water and sanitation, agriculture and food, access to health and social care services, unemployment and welfare, working conditions, housing and living environment, education, and transport.
Results Thirty systematic reviews were identi?ed. Generally, the effects of interventions on health inequalities were unclear. However, there is suggestive systematic review evidence that certain categories of intervention may impact positively on inequalities or on the health of speci?c disadvantaged groups, particularly interventions in the ?elds of housing and the work environment.
Conclusion Intervention studies that address inequalities in health are a priority area for future public health research.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | C Bambra, M Gibson, A Sowden, K Wright, M Whitehead, M Petticrew |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Determinants of health |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
The Application of Key Governance Tools to Understand How Common Health Services Administrations Function
This research analysis aims to examine three particular tools of governance (that is – government insurance, social regulations, and economic regulations) in a scholarly effort to understand how these tools are applied to, and enable the functioning of, specific and common health services administrations. In light of the current U.S. economic, fiscal, and insurance crises, combined with the general salience of today’s socioeconomic conditions (particularly in the United States), this analysis offers an important revelation regarding how the medical and health services sectors are able to survive in light of the United States’ precarious and volatile infrastructures.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Jonathan Matusitz and Gerald-Mark Breen |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Global economy and health |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
The effects of aging and population growth on health care costs
Abstract: Aging and population growth both contribute importantly to the rise in health care costs. However, the percentage contribution of these factors declined between 1970 and 1990, and we expect a continued decline through 2005. Data indicate that the relative costs of treating patients age sixty-five and over grew more rapidly than did the costs of treating other patients. Sensitivity analyses indicate that regardless of whether these trends persist, the percentage contribution of aging and demography is likely to decline between 1990 and 2005. Application of our model through 2030 suggests that if current trends persist, aging will cause a major acceleration in the rise in costs.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | D N Mendelson and W B Schwartz |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Population growth |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
The experience of international nursing students studying for a PhD in the U.K: A qualitative study
Abstract
Background: Educating nurses to doctoral level is an important means of developing nursing capacity globally. There is an international shortage of doctoral nursing programmes, hence many nurses seek their doctorates overseas. The UK is a key provider of doctoral education for international nursing students, however, very little is known about international doctoral nursing students’ learning experiences during their doctoral study. This paper reports on a national study that sought to investigate the learning expectations and experiences of overseas doctoral nursing students in the UK.
Methods: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted in 2008/09 with 17 international doctoral nursing students representing 9 different countries from 6 different UK universities. Data were analysed thematically. All 17 interviewees were enrolled on ‘traditional’ 3 year PhD programmes and the majority (15/17) planned to work in higher education institutions back in their home country upon graduation.
Results: Studying for a UK PhD involved a number of significant transitions, including adjusting to a new country/culture, to new pedagogical approaches and, in some cases, to learning in a second language. Many students had expected a more structured programme of study, with a stronger emphasis on professional nursing issues as well as research - akin to the professional doctorate. Students did not always feel well integrated into their department’s wider research environment, and wanted more opportunities to network with their UK peers. A good supervision relationship was perceived as the most critical element of support in a doctoral programme, but good relationships were sometimes difficult to attain due to differences in student/supervisor expectations and in approaches to supervision. The PhD was perceived as a difficult and stressful journey, but those nearing the end reflected positively on it as a life changing experience in which they had developed key professional and personal skills.
Conclusions: Doctoral programmes need to ensure that structures are in place to support international students at different stages of their doctoral journey, and to support greater local-international student networking. Further research is needed to investigate good supervision practice and the suitability of the PhD vis a vis other doctoral models (e.g. the professional doctorate) for international nursing students.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Catrin Evans and Keith Stevenson |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Supporting international students |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
The financial losses from the migration of nurses from Malawi
Abstract
Background: The migration of health professionals trained in Africa to developed nations has compromised health systems in the African region. The financial losses from the investment in training due to the migration from the developing nations are hardly known.
Methods: The cost of training a health professional was estimated by including fees for primary, secondary and tertiary education. Accepted derivation of formula as used in economic analysis was used to estimate the lost investment.
Results: The total cost of training an enrolled nurse-midwife from primary school through nurse-midwifery training in Malawi was estimated as US$ 9,329.53. For a degree nurse-midwife, the total cost was US$ 31,726.26. For each enrolled nurse-midwife that migrates out of Malawi, the country loses between US$ 71,081.76 and US$ 7.5 million at bank interest rates of 7% and 25% per annum for 30 years respectively. For a degree nurse-midwife, the lost investment ranges from US$ 241,508 to US$ 25.6 million at 7% and 25% interest rate per annum for 30 years respectively.
Conclusion: Developing countries are losing significant amounts of money through lost investment of health care professionals who emigrate. There is need to quantify the amount of remittances that developing nations get in return from those who migrate.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Adamson S Muula, Ben Panulo and Fresier C Maseko |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
| Rights | |
The Global Burden of Unintentional Injuries and an Agenda for Progress
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, unintentional injuries were responsible for over 3.9 million deaths and over 138 million disability-adjusted life-years in 2004, with over 90% of those occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). This paper utilizes the year 2004 World Health Organization Global Burden of Disease Study estimates to illustrate the global and regional burden of unintentional injuries and injury rates, stratified by cause, region, age, and gender. The worldwide rate of unintentional injuries is 61 per 100,000 population per year. Overall, road traffic injuries make up the largest proportion of unintentional injury deaths (33%). When standardized per 100,000 population, the death rate is nearly double in LMIC versus high-income countries (65 vs. 35 per 100,000), and the rate of disability-adjusted life-years is more than triple in LMIC (2,398 vs. 774 per 100,000). This paper calls for more action around 5 core areas that need research investments and capacity development, particularly in LMIC: 1) improving injury data collection, 2) defining the epidemiology of unintentional injuries, 3) estimating the costs of injuries, 4) understanding public perceptions about injury causation, and 5) engaging with policy makers to improve injury prevention and control.
| About this resource | |
|---|---|
| Author | Aruna Chandran, Adnan A. Hyder and Corinne Peek-Asa |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Unintentional injuries |
| Tags | accidental falls burns developing countries drowning motor vehicles poisoning wounds Injuries |
| Rights | |
The Global Epidemiology and Contribution of Cannabis Use and Dependence to the Global Burden of Disease: Results from the GBD 2010 Study
Abstract
Aims: Estimate the prevalence of cannabis dependence and its contribution to the global burden of disease.
Methods: Systematic reviews of epidemiological data on cannabis dependence (1990-2008) were conducted in line with PRISMA and meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Culling and data extraction followed protocols, with cross-checking and consistency checks. DisMod-MR, the latest version of generic disease modelling system, redesigned as a Bayesian meta-regression tool, imputed prevalence by age, year and sex for 187 countries and 21 regions. The disability weight associated with cannabis dependence was estimated through population surveys and multiplied by prevalence data to calculate the years of life lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). YLDs and DALYs attributed to regular cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia were also estimated.
Results: There were an estimated 13.1 million cannabis dependent people globally in 2010 (point prevalence0.19% (95% uncertainty: 0.17-0.21%)). Prevalence peaked between 20-24 yrs, was higher in males (0.23% (0.2-0.27%)) than females (0.14% (0.12-0.16%)) and in high income regions. Cannabis dependence accounted for 2 million DALYs globally (0.08%; 0.05-0.12%) in 2010; a 22% increase in crude DALYs since 1990 largely due to population growth. Countries with statistically higher age-standardised DALY rates included the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Western European countries such as the United Kingdom; those with lower DALY rates were from Sub-Saharan Africa-West and Latin America. Regular cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia accounted for an estimated 7,000 DALYs globally.
Conclusion: Cannabis dependence is a disorder primarily experienced by young adults, especially in higher income countries. It has not been shown to increase mortality as opioid and other forms of illicit drug dependence do. Our estimates suggest that cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia is not a major contributor to population-level disease burden.
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| Type | Article |
| Subject | Determinants of health |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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The global financial crisis and health equity: Early experiences from Canada
Abstract
Background: It is widely acknowledged that austerity measures in the wake of the global financial crisis are starting to undermine population health results. Yet, few research studies have focused on the ways in which the financial crisis and the ensuing ‘Great Recession’ have affected health equity, especially through their impact on social determinants of health; neither has much attention been given to the health consequences of the fiscal austerity regime that quickly followed a brief period of counter-cyclical government spending for bank bailouts and economic stimulus. Canada has not remained insulated from these developments, despite its relative success in maneuvering the global financial crisis.
Methods: The study draws on three sources of evidence: A series of semi-structured interviews in Ottawa and Toronto, with key informants selected on the basis of their expertise (n = 12); an analysis of recent (2012) Canadian and Ontario budgetary impacts on social determinants of health; and documentation of trend data on key social health determinants pre- and post the financial crisis.
Results: The findings suggest that health equity is primarily impacted through two main pathways related to the global financial crisis: austerity budgets and associated program cutbacks in areas crucial to addressing the inequitable distribution of social determinants of health, including social assistance, housing, and education; and the qualitative transformation of labor markets, with precarious forms of employment expanding rapidly in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. Preliminary evidence suggests that these tendencies will lead to a further deepening of existing health inequities, unless counter-acted through a change in policy direction.
Conclusions: This article documents some of the effects of financial crisis and severe economic decline on health equity in Canada. However, more research is necessary to study policy choices that could mitigate this effect. Since the policy response to a similar set of economic shocks has globally varied and led to differential health and health equity outcomes, comparative studies are now possible to assess the successes and failures of specific policy responses. This raises the question of what types of public policy can mitigate against the negative health equity effects of severe economic recessions.
| About this resource | |
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| Author | Arne Ruckert and Ronald Labonté |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Global economy and health |
| Tags | Health equity Global financial crisis social determinants of health Austerity Canada |
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The global workforce shortages and the migration of medical professions: the Australian policy response
Abstract
Medical migration sees the providers of medical services (in particular medical practitioners) moving from one region or country to another. This creates problems for the provision of public health and medical services and poses challenges for laws in the nation state and for laws in the global community.
There exists a global shortage of healthcare professionals. Nation states and health rights movements have been both responsible for, and responsive to, this global community shortage through a variety of health policy, regulation and legislation which directly affects the migration of medical providers. The microcosm responses adopted by individual nation states, such as Australia, to this workforce shortage further impact on the global workforce shortage through active recruitment of overseas-trained healthcare professionals. "Push" and "pull" factors exist which encourage medical migration of healthcare professionals. A nation state's approach to health policy, regulation and legislation dramatically helps to create these "push factors" and "pull factors". A co-ordinated global response is required with individual nation states being cognisant of the impact of their health policy, regulations and legislation on the global community through the medical migration of healthcare professionals.
| About this resource | |
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| Author | Saxon D Smith |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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The health effects of climate change: What does a nurse need to know?
Article abstract:
The scienti?c evidence for anthropogenic climate change has been established with increasing precision andthere are widespread concerns about its potential to undermine the public health gains of the past century.There is also a growing consensus across private and public sector organisations at national and internationallevel that carbon reduction should be a policy aim. Various international nursing organisations have madestrong position statements on the issue, arguing that nurses should be actively engaged as part of theirroles in both health promotion and clinical practice. We point to education for sustainability initiatives inother health professions and share resources for curriculum development in nursing. The nurses of tomorrowwill make a unique and signi?cant contribution to protecting population health in an unstable climate, if today's nursing educators can help prepare them for this role
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| Author | Ste ? Barna , Benny Goodman, Frances Mortimer |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Climate change and sustainability Education Global health course design |
| Tags | carbon carbon dioxide health promotion |
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The International Migration and Recruitment of Nurses: Human Rights and Global Justice
This commentary focuses on the international recruitment of internationally educated nurses (IENs) from the perspective of human rights and social justice.
| About this resource | |
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| Author | Lawrence O. Gostin, JD |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Social justice, human rights and health Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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The International Migration of Health Professionals
Abstract
Health workforce shortages in developed countries are perceived to be central drivers of health professionals’ international migration, one ramification being negative impacts on developing nations’ healthcare delivery. After a descriptive international overview, selected economic issues are discussed for developed and developing countries. Health labour markets’ unique characteristics imply great complexity in developed economies involving government intervention, licensure, regulation, and (quasi-)union activity. These features affect migrants’ decisions, economic integration, and impacts on the receiving nations’ health workforce and society. Developing countries sometimes educate citizens in expectation of emigration, while others pursue international treaties in attempts to manage migrant flows.
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| Author | Michel Grignon, Yaw Owusu, Arthur Sweetman |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | migration health professionals international medical graduates |
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The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015
Reports on analysis by different sectoral experts on MDGs. Also provides a history to the MDGs, progress, tables on obsticles to delivery and on reinforcing links different areas of social progress. Free registration is necessary to access this article.
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| Author | Waage et al |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Millennium Development Goals Poverty and inequality |
| Tags | south africa india gender education WHO UNICEF malawi zambia Poverty development equity thailand sustainability |
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Towards a common definition of global health
Traces the history of attempts to define global approaches to health. Includes useful table distinguishing between global, international and public heath. Free registation necessary for access to this article.
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| Author | Koplan et al |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Global health issues |
| Tags | definition international health public health wilmslow |
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Trends In International Nurse Migration
Abstract
Predicted shortages and recruitment targets for nurses in developed countries threaten to deplete nurse supply and undermine global health initiatives in developing countries. A twofold approach is required, involving greater diligence by developing countries in creating a largely sustainable domestic nurse workforce and their greater investment through international aid in building nursing education capacity in the less developed countries that supply them with nurses.
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| Author | Linda H. Aiken, James Buchan, Julie Sochalski, Barbara Nichols and Mary Powell |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Migration of health professionals |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Understanding Global Trends in Maternal Mortality
CONTEXT: Despite the fact that most maternal deaths are preventable, maternal mortality remains high in many developing countries. Target A of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 calls for a three-quarters reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) between 1990 and 2015.
METHODS: We derived estimates of maternal mortality for 172 countries over the period 1990–2008. Trends in maternal mortality were estimated either directly from vital registration data or from a hierarchical or multilevel model, depending on the data available for a particular country.
RESULTS: The annual number of maternal deaths worldwide declined by 34% between 1990 and 2008, from approximately 546,000 to 358,000 deaths. The estimated MMR for the world as a whole also declined by 34% over this period, falling from 400 to 260 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Between 1990 and 2008, the majority of the global burden of maternal deaths shifted from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa. Differential trends in fertility, the HIV/AIDS epidemic and access to reproductive health are associated with the shift in the burden of maternal deaths from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa.
CONCLUSIONS: Although the estimated annual rate of decline in the global MMR in 1990–2008 (2.3%) fell short of the level needed to meet the MDG 5 target, it was much faster than had been thought previously. Targeted efforts to improve access to quality maternal health care, as well as efforts to decrease unintended pregnancies through family planning, are necessary to further reduce the global burden of maternal mortality.
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| Author | Sarah Zureick-Brown, Holly Newby, Doris Chou, Nobuko Mizoguchi, Lale Say, Emi Suzuki and John Wilmoth |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Maternal health |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Unintentional Injuries: Magnitude, Prevention, and Control
Absract
The World Health Organization estimates injuries accounted for more than 5 million deaths in 2004, significantly impacting the global burden of disease. Nearly 3.9 million of these deaths were due to unintentional injury, a cause also responsible for more than 138 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost in the same year. More than 90% of the DALYs lost occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), highlighting the disproportionate burden that injuries place on developing countries. This article examines the health and social impact of injury, injury data availability, and injury prevention interventions. By proposing initiatives to minimize the magnitude of death and disability due to unintentional injuries, particularly in LMICs, this review serves as a call to action for further investment in injury surveillance, prevention interventions, and health systems strengthening.
| About this resource | |
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| Author | Sarah Stewart de Ramirez, Adnan A. Hyder, Hadley K. Herbert, and Kent Stevens |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Unintentional injuries |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Unintentional injury mortality in India, 2005: Nationally representative mortality survey of 1.1 million homes
Abstract
Background: Unintentional injuries are an important cause of death in India. However, no reliable nationallyrepresentative estimates of unintentional injury deaths are available. Thus, we examined unintentional injury deaths in a nationally representative mortality survey.
Methods: Trained field staff interviewed a living relative of those who had died during 2001-03. The verbal autopsy reports were sent to two of the130 trained physicians, who independently assigned an ICD-10 code to each death. Discrepancies were resolved through reconciliation and adjudication. Proportionate cause specific mortality was used to produce national unintentional injury mortality estimates based on United Nations population and deathestimates.
Results: In 2005, unintentional injury caused 648 000 deaths (7% of all deaths; 58/100 000 population). Unintentional injury mortality rates were higher among males than females, and in rural versus urban areas. Road traffic injuries (185 000 deaths; 29% of all unintentional injury deaths), falls (160 000 deaths, 25%) and drowning (73000 deaths, 11%) were the three leading causes of unintentional injury mortality, with fire-related injury causing 5% of these deaths. The highest unintentional mortality rates were in those aged 70years or older (410/100 000).
Conclusions: These direct estimates of unintentional injury deaths in India (0.6 million) are lower than WHO indirect estimates (0.8 million), but double the estimates which rely on police reports (0.3 million). Importantly, they revise upward the mortality due to falls, particularly in the elderly, and revise downward mortality due to fires. Ongoing monitoring of injury mortality will enable development of evidence based injury prevention programs.
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| Author | Jagnoor Jagnoor, Wilson Suraweera , Lisa Keay, Rebecca Q Ivers, JS Thakur , Prabhat Jha1 |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Unintentional injuries |
| Tags | Unintentional-injuries Mortality Verbal autopsy india |
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Urbanization and mental health
An article which discusses the effects of urbanisation on mental health. Published Jul-Dec 2009 in the 'Industrial Psychiatry Journal'.
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| Author | Kalpana Srivastava |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Urbanisation |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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What we mean by social determinants of health
This article concludes with a critical analysis of the WHO report on social determinants of health, applauding its analysis and many of its recommendations, but faulting it for ignoring the power relations that shape these social determinants.
| About this resource | |
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| Author | Vicente Navarro |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Determinants of health |
| Tags | https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/healthsciences/globalhealth/browse/list_titles/tag/466 |
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Why rich countries should care about the world's least healthy people
A four-page introduction to the medical (largely communicable disease focused) and ethical arguments for investment in global health by nations and individual health care workers.
| About this resource | |
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| Author | Gostin, LO |
| Type | Article |
| Subject | Communicable diseases Poverty and inequality |
| Tags | investment disease africa health inequality GDP |
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