Regulation on academic misconduct

This page is to clarify the principle of academic integrity and to explain what constitutes academic misconduct. Further information about the academic misconduct procedure can be found in the ‘Related Regulations, Policies and Procedures’ Section below.

2.1.1   The academic activities at the University of Nottingham whether scholarship, research, or innovation are based on the values of academic integrity. Academic integrity is a set of values and practices that expect us to act with honesty, trust, fairness, respect, and responsibility.

2.1.2   Academic misconduct is any inappropriate activity or behaviour by a student which may give that student, or another student, an unpermitted academic advantage in a summative assessment and is unacceptable within the University’s scholarly community. This includes activity or behaviour during preparation for a summative assessment even if there is no direct evidence of misconduct in the submitted assessment itself, e.g., approaching a third party for help during an examination even if there is no evidence of the material provided being used in the summative assessment. Such activities and behaviours will be considered under these regulations, and this may lead to a penalty being imposed.

A summative assessment is an assessment that counts towards an award, a transcript mark, or a progression decision. This includes postgraduate research students’ annual reviews and thesis submissions.

2.1.3   These regulations are to be applied to all students of the University, whether currently registered or not. Former students will be subject to the academic misconduct regulations that were in place whilst they were a registered student.

2.1.4   The University’s Fitness to Practise procedures may also be applied to students on programmes of study that lead to professional registration and whose actions are considered under these regulations. Findings of proven intent to commit academic misconduct (see 1.10 below) will also be referred for consideration under the relevant Fitness to Practise concerns process. For more information, see the ‘Related Regulations, Policies and Procedures’ Section below. 

2.1.5   Schools/Departments will provide advice and examples to students of what constitutes academic misconduct. They will inform students of these regulations and the possible outcomes of  academic misconduct. Students have a responsibility to undertake available training and read relevant guidance.

2.1.6   Students must take responsibility for the integrity of their own work, including asking for clarification. 

2.1.7   Confirmed instances of academic misconduct and any penalty  imposed may be referred to in student references relating to a student’s academic achievement at University. For some courses, the University must notify the relevant accrediting body (see the Fitness to Practise regulation in the ‘Related Regulations, Policies and Procedures’ Section below).  

2.1.8   The standard of proof is that of “the balance of probabilities”. Evidence indicating that, on the balance of probabilities, academic misconduct has occurred will be deemed sufficient for action under these regulations.

2.1.9   Although extenuating circumstances do not justify the occurrence of academic misconduct, such circumstances may be taken into account when determining an appropriate penalty. Students are responsible for ensuring that they inform the University of any extenuating circumstances that they consider are affecting their ability to undertake an assessment, to ensure appropriate support can be provided. 

2.1.10   It is not necessary to prove intention to commit academic misconduct to make a finding of academic misconduct. However, proven intent to commit academic misconduct is likely to be considered an aggravating factor when determining a penalty. Examples of proven intent include, but are not limited to:

• False authorship or impersonation.
• Falsifying data.
• Falsifying content or evidence as part of an extenuating circumstances claim.
• Accessing any unauthorised websites (including Moodle) during an examination.
• Taking or accessing unauthorised, concealed, or pre-prepared materials into an examination and where the materials are potentially relevant to the examination.

The following is a non-exhaustive list of examples of academic misconduct which will be considered under these regulations:

2.2.1   Plagiarism

Plagiarism is representing work or ideas of a third party as one’s own. For example, by failing to correctly acknowledge others’ ideas and work as sources of information in a summative assessment. Plagiarism is not limited to text-based sources; it also applies to the use of graphical material, images, video/audio, calculations, etc.

2.2.2   False Authorship

False Authorship is where a student is not the sole author of the work they have submitted as their own work. False Authorship is a form of plagiarism but is distinguished by the fact that the student has engaged with an unauthorised or unacknowledged third party and/or software tool to complete an assessment, either in part or whole. 

False Authorship can be direct or through a platform or software (such as Course Hero or similar). This may include work produced by another student, an essay mill, a family member or friend, or a tutoring service (such as Chegg, or similar). The use of answers advertised or provided by tutoring services or essay mills is false authorship. As it is the authorship of work that is contested, there is no requirement to prove that the work has been purchased.  

False Authorship also occurs where a student has engaged with computer-aided software to complete an assessment, in whole or part, except in cases where this has been permitted by an explicit instruction by the School and/or as part of that assessment. This engagement can be the use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) software (e.g., ChatGPT, Wordtune, DALL-E, chatbots and similar). The submission of work that is generated and/or improved by software that is not permitted for that assessment, for the purpose of gaining marks will be regarded as false authorship and seen as an attempt to gain an unpermitted academic advantage. For clarity this includes the over-reliance  on translation and paraphrasing software (for example Grammarly), including when it is used to conceal the original author or source material. Students must familiarise themselves with the local regulations and policies on what is, and is not permitted. If a student is unsure about what is/is not permitted for an assessment, they are responsible for confirming this with their School.

2.2.3   Collusion

Collusion is cooperation in order to gain an unpermitted advantage. This may occur where students have  collaborated on a piece of work, in part or whole, and passed it off as their own individual efforts; where one student has authorised another to use their work, in part or whole, and to submit it as their own; or when a student has stolen somebody else’s work. A colluding student does not have to gain an unpermitted advantage in their own summative assessment for academic misconduct to have occurred.

2.2.4   Misconduct in examinations and in-person assessments

Misconduct in examinations includes, for example, when an examination candidate:

• Copies from the examination script of another candidate.
• Obtains or offers any other improper assistance from or to another candidate (or any other person unless an approved reader or scribe). This includes engagement with online tutoring services/essay mills even if the student does not go on to submit the work provided as part of the summative assessment.
• Allows themself to be impersonated or when any person impersonates another examination candidate. This definition is not limited to formal examinations and includes presentations, group work and other forms of summative assessment. 
• Has with them any unauthorised materials, including mathematical tables manuscripts or loose papers of any kind, unauthorised electronic devices (e.g., mobile telephones, smart watches) or any source of unauthorised information.

2.2.5   Fabrication or misrepresentation

Fabrication or misrepresentation is the presentation or misrepresentation of fabricated data, results, references, evidence, or other material, including, for example:

• Claiming to have carried out experiments, observations, interviews, or other forms of research which a student has not, in fact, carried out.
• Falsely claiming to have obtained results or other evidence.
• In the case of professional qualifications, falsely claiming to have completed hours in practice or to have achieved required competencies when this is not the case.
• Submitting a false Extenuating Circumstances claim where the facts of the claim and/or evidence has been fabricated/falsified. This activity will be addressed as academic misconduct even if the claim is not approved.

2.1.6   Failure to disclose previous experience or qualifications that are a bar to enrolment on a module (for example, enrolment on inter-faculty language modules). 

2.1.7   Failure to obtain ethical approval: where work is undertaken without obtaining ethical approval when there is a clear and unambiguous requirement to do so. This may be specified, for example, in module handbooks or in University research ethics policies.

2.1.8   Poor Academic Scholarship 

Poor academic scholarship is conduct which breaches the standard of academic integrity expected by the University and which does not neatly fit into the definitions outlined above. Such behaviour could include; the mishandling and inappropriate use of research data and the uploading of information (including live assessment material and criteria) onto a public forum.  

The multiple submission by a student of their own material (either in whole or in part) is not considered academic misconduct. This includes work that the student may have submitted for a previous academic year, for another course or at a different institution. Submission of material that has been submitted on a previous occasion for a different summative assessment is, however, unlikely to be academically appropriate. The merit of such material will therefore be a matter of academic judgement.

Declaration of falsified and/or counterfeit qualification is where a student has declared a  qualification which has later been found to be counterfeit or fraudulently gained and affects the student’s suitability to study for their qualification at the University.  Such behaviour may be found during the process of investigating an allegation of academic misconduct.  If this is the case the student may be referred to the University Disciplinary procedure: 

For more information about the University Disciplinary procedure, please consult the ’Related Regulations, Policies and Procedures’ Section below.

For more information about the academic misconduct procedure and exam conditions, please consult the following:

Student Services - Academic misconduct procedure

Student Services - In-person examinations

Code of Research Conduct and Research Ethics  

Code of Practice on Handling Allegations of Research Misconduct 

Student Services - Policy on Communications with Third Parties    

Student Services - Unacceptable behaviour policy   

Fitness to practise procedures

Proofreading

Minimum English language entry requirements

Admissions

Language Centre module enrolment

University Disciplinary procedure