The following is an annotated list of online repositories containing images which can be used without cost or restriction for educational purposes. There are sometimes conditions on using images, which should be consulted prior to use - for example, that the source is acknowledged in any material using the image, or that the image not be edited to create derivatives. Many of these repositories licence their contents under Creative Commons and where this is the case it's indicated in the CC column of the tables below.
Another very useful reference to consult is on the JISC Digital Media (née TASI (Technical Advice Service for Images)) site which includes detailed advice on finding usable images and is a treasure trove of sound advice for UKHE users.
The purpose of compiling this list is to try to save time by identifying usable sources of good-quality images for use in learning & teaching materials, and e-learning websites and software. Searching for images via Google or Yahoo is seriously tedious, time-consuming, and usually ultimately unproductive as virtually all the images indexed are copyrighted, and most are of poor quality. Even if you do find a suitable image of decent quality (a rarity in itself), you then have to find out if you can legally use it. That means reading any copyright or terms & conditions statements on the website, and even if these exist they're often ambiguous and/or vague and will need clarification. Often there'll be no such statement, so you then need to identify the image owner by trawling the website for a name and email address, whom you will then have to email with a carefully-worded request for permission to use the image. If the person deigns to reply you might then find that they don't own the image you're after, but rather took it from a stock collection, or it was scanned by a colleague who's since left, or they just ripped it off, in which case you then have to try to chase up the original owner. This process can take days for a single image.
I've concentrated on those repositories with material that can be freely used by students, teaching staff, and digital multimedia developers in:
The following criteria follow from these user groups:
I've not included any commercial stock photography sites - all the repositories below provide cost-free images. It may be that they don't contain the image(s) you're after, in which case you will need to pay for stock photography. A simple WWW search will pick up scads of stock photo sites, but a few to be going on with are:
I have no idea at all whether or not these are any good - you'll have to suck 'em and see. A useful meta-search engine for professional stock photographs is BAPLA.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain_image_resources
Probably the definitive list of PD image repositories, annotated and sorted by topic, plus a General Collections category for mixed-topic image banks. Many of the repositories listed below have come from the Wikipedia list.
The tables in the subsections below list currently-available image repositories. The Size column indicates the rough number of images in the database, if known, or a ? if not known. The CC column indicates if some or all of the images are licenced under Creative Commons.
NB: The best starting point, when searching for public domain or Creative Commons stock photos, are the excellent Yotophoto and everystockphoto meta-search engines.
| Title | URL | Size | CC | Description/Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burning Well | http://www.burningwell.org/ | 1210 | A small repository of good-quality, variable-resolution photos sorted by broad-brush categories. Searchable. |
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| CalPhotos | http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/photos/ | 92k | A large repository of high-quality photos of plants, animals, fossils, people, and landscapes. Thumbnail indices, medium-res images online, high-res images on request from author. Usage restrictions detailed in each record. Searchable and browsable. |
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| Every stock photo | http://www.everystockphoto.com/ | n/a | y | A meta-search engine for free stock photography, indexing sources such as stock.xchng and Flickr. Over 3 million images are indexed. |
| Flickr | http://www.flickr.com/ | u/k | Y | An enormous photo-sharing community, many of the images in which are licenced under Creative Commons - check image record for licencing info.Thumbnail indices. Available resolutions determined by contributor. By joining Flickr you can build up collections from images in the repository and add your own metadata tags. |
| image*after | http://www.imageafter.com/ | ? | A large library of high-quality photos and textures, produced by multimedia designers. The concentration is on nature, objects, architecture, and vehicles - there are no people photos at all. A unique feature is the abstract search, where you can look for a type of image (bright, soft, glossy, etc) rather than an image of something. You can also create your own downloadable clippings library (similar to sets in Flickr). |
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| morgueFile | http://www.morguefile.com/ | ? | A bank of "free high resolution digital stock photography for either corporate or public use". Thumbnail and low-res views online, high-res images downloadable as .zip files.Sorted by broad-brush categories, browsable and searchable. |
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| Openphoto | http://www.openphoto.net/ | 3.5k | Y | A growing library of high-quality stock photography, sorted by category, contributed under Creative Commons licences. A nice touch is that when you select a photo, thumbnails of similar photos are displayed. |
| PDPhoto.com | http://www.pdfoto.com/ | 700 | A small public domain repository, browsable and searchable. Only a few top-level categories, and no "people" category. |
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| Philip's House of Stock Photography | http://www.photo.net//stock/ | 6k | The author's personal repository of images taken by himself. Browsable only by CD number, but searchable. They mostly seem to be landscapes, places and animals. |
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| Pixel Perfect Digital | http://www.pixelperfectdigital.com/ | 6k | Hiqh-quality stock photography and some 3-D drawings, categorised by topic with a search engine. |
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| stock.xchng | http://www.sxc.hu/ | 150k | A very large repository of high-quality photography, categorised and searchable. Thumbnail views, photos available in medium- and high-res. Each image record lists the restrictions, if any, placed on usage by the contributor. |
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| YotoPhoto | http://yotophoto.com/ (Currently offline) |
n/a | Y | This is a search engine, rather than a repository. Yotophoto indexes "images that are either in the Public Domain or released under generous Creative Commons, GNU FDL or other similar licenses" |
| Title | URL | Size | CC | Description/Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FILTER | http://www.filter.ac.uk/ | ? | A growing database of teaching resources for UKHE, primarily images and animations but including some tutorials and case studies, sorted by subject. Browsable and searchable. |
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| Microsoft Office Clip Art and Media | http://office.microsoft.com/clipart/ | ? | A very large archive of photos (.jpg), clip art (.wmf), animations (gif), and audio (.wav). Browsable and searchable by topic. View as thumbnail, then collect required resources into a "selection basket" and download as a MS Clip Organizer (.mpf) file. Downloaded files can be viewed in the Clip Organizer, or by navigating to the default location (C:\Documents and Settings\User\My Documents\My Pictures\Microsoft Clip Organizer) where the raw files are stored in their original graphics formats. The MS copyright statement, in the section on "documents" which mentions "graphics", permits non-commercial and educational use, but forbids any networked distribution. Usage of MS clipart may well be covered under institutional licence agreements with MS - check with your institution. |
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| SCRAN | http://www.scran.ac.uk/ | ? | A large resource repository aimed at the UK education sector, from early school up to HE/FE, comprising images, audio, video, websites and more. Browsable, with a detailed search facilityFor full access to SCRAN, you need to register as a user and/or have an Athens login. The copyright statement explicitly forbids making the resources available to unlicenced users, which rules out using images on public websites where end-users can download the image, although usage in a compiled file (eg Shockwave, Flash, Java applet) should be ok. |
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| Wikimedia Commons | http://commons.wikimedia.org/ | 320k+ | Y | "The Wikimedia Commons is a project that provides a central repository for free images, music, sound & video clips and, possibly, texts and spoken texts, used in pages of any Wikimedia project." |
If the term 'vector graphic' is new to you, see the Wikipedia article for an explanation. In summary, vector graphics are composed of drawing instructions, and can be resized to any scale without any image degradation.
| Title | URL | Size | CC | Description/Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| clker.com | http://www.clker.com/ | ? | Y | A large, categorised archive of public domain vector images, including a good medical images section with a handful of high-quality anatomical diagrams. |
| Freevectors.net | http://www.freevectors.net/ | ? | Y | Searchable but uncategorised vector image archive. |
| Open Clip Art Library | http://www.openclipart.org/ | ? | Y | A large and growing collection of vector (SVG) clipart made available under the CC licence. You can browse a subject hierarchy, but the search is very poor. Stacks of signs and symbols. |
| Vector Portal | http://www.vectorportal.com/ | ? | Y | Large, searchable archive of stock vector imagery in a wide range of categories. |
| Title | URL | Size | CC | Description/Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bristol Biomedical Image Archive | http://www.brisbio.ac.uk/ | ? | Images available in thumbnail, medium- and high-res. Requires an Athens login.The images may be used for teaching purposes, but not for public use where the end-user can download the image. Use for CAL is explicitly permitted. Browsable and searchable, MeSH-indexed. |
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| HEA Bioscience Image Bank | http://bio.ltsn.ac.uk/imagebank/ | ? | A medium-sized image repository, comprising mainly photos of plants, animals, bacteria and viruses, maintained by the HEA Subject Centre for Bioscience. Browsable and searchable. The terms & conditions of use explicitly allow image use in public materials, including websites and CAL, in non-profit educational contexts only. |
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| Health Education Assets Library (HEAL) | http://www.healcentral.org/ | ? | Y | A large resource collection aimed at those involved in health sciences, comprising images, presentations, websites, etc. Indexed, searchable, and browsable, by MeSH. Some resources are available under CC licences. Usage and rights details in resource records. |
| Viperlib | http://viperlib.york.ac.uk/ | ? | A library of images and presentation material illuminating the study of visual perception, sorted by topic, eg Anatomy & Physiology, Colour (including colour deficiency) , Development, etc. Searchable and browsable. Any educational use is permitted, including usage on public websites. |
| Title | URL | Size | CC | Description/Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lifesign | http://www.lifesign.ac.uk/ | ? | A searchable collection of high-quality, copyright-cleared video and animation clips in a range of Life Science categories, including Biochemistry and Medicine. Rather than being downloadable, the clips are made available as streaming video for incorporation in websites, VLEs, presentations, and so on. You choose a video to use, and bandwidth required, then you receive a URL to link to. Browsable and searchable by category. |
The following aren't repositories, but rather engines that search aggregated records exposed by a number of repositories nation- or even world-wide. Effectively, they create a distributed resource database. Search results will return resource details, and a pointer to the resource location, which you'll need to follow to evaluate the result. This is much more time-consuming that searching a repository proper, and is best left as a last resort if you can't find what you want in other repositories.
| Title | URL | Description/Notes |
|---|---|---|
| OAIster | http://oaister.umdl.umich.edu/o/oaister/ | Pronounced "oyster", this meta search engine 'harvests' resource records exposed by academic institutions in order to "create a collection of freely available, previously difficult-to-access, academically-oriented digital resources that are easily searchable by anyone". The records are exposed in a particular XML schema (OAI-PMH), allowing their 'harvesting' by OAI engines. OAIster currently harvests records from over 500 academic institutions, mostly in the USA, effectively creating a very large distributed database of resources, including images, although most resources are non-image - scholarly papers, datasets, etc. Searches are rather slow. |
[1] An example is EDINA's Education Image Gallery, the contents of which can only be used in teaching materials restricted to "authorised users".
[2] This excludes most Clip Art libraries, as these can be very frustrating to search through and are usually full of poor-quality images. A notable exception is the high-quality Microsoft Office Clipart archive.
Author: Fred Riley, Learning Technologist, University of Nottingham. Email: fred DOT riley AT nottingham DOT ac DOT uk
Last updated: 22 April, 2009